Figure 5: Copper uptake in the enterocyte
has been realized at the University of Florida under the supervision of Dr Jamie Collins. Measured with liver concentration and serum ceruloplasmin activity, copper status of rats was equivalent between copper sulphate and CoRouge®
. The high bioavailability of dicopper
oxide has been demonstrated also on piglets and broilers, when supplied at low dosages. An experiment performed at Wageningen University (Netherlands) showed that copper concentrations in plasma, liver and bile were equal when piglets were fed either copper sulphate or CoRouge®
. A similar study was carried out on broilers in Barcelona
University. Results obtained with copper sulphate were not different from those obtained with CoRouge®
(Figure 6). At nutritional levels, it is confirmed that the monovalent form of
copper oxide shows high bioavailability for the animals, comparable to copper sulphate or chelated compounds.
Growth performance of piglets The growth promoting effect of copper supplementation on weaned piglets is well documented, but its mode of action is not yet fully elucidated. Copper is known for its antibacterial action and this remains the most assumed effect on intestinal health. Ionic form may play a role, as antibacterial activity of Cu+ compared to Cu2+
ions has been shown stronger ions. It is generally perceived that the growth promoting effect of
High bioavailability EFSA Journal in recent years has published several Opinions on the bioavailability of copper compounds. In 2008, it was concluded that copper chelate of hydroxy analogue of methionine had a bioavailability comparable to copper sulphate in broilers. In 2013, no evidence was confirmed that the bioavailability of copper chelate of amino acids would be higher than copper sulphate. In 2014, an equivalent bioavailability was shown between copper bilysinate and copper sulphate. The high bioavailability of dicopper oxide in CoRouge®
has been
verified in laboratory animals and in farm animals. In comparison to livestock, it is much easier to deplete rats in copper, and to measure how dietary sources can replenish animals. Such experimental protocol is necessary when we lack sensitive biomarkers of mineral status. This
Figure 6: Copper concentration in liver
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rats University of Florida
some additives such as copper is limited under good nutritional and management practices. However, this has not been confirmed in two recent experiments supervised by Dr Paul Bikker (Wageningen University). The first experiment tested different copper doses, from 15 to 160 mg/kg supplied as copper sulphate. A dose-response effect was confirmed for growth performance: average daily gain (ADG) increased as Cu dose increased (p < 0.01), while feed conversion ratio decreased (p < 0.01). Piglet’s weights were improved by 2.8 kg after 40 days of supplementation: it is very unlikely that most feed additives can achieve such performance The most recent study was also performed on a high number of
animals. 600 piglets, weaned at 26 days, received two wheat/barley/ maize based diets, a prestarter (17% CP) for two weeks followed by a starter diet (15%) for three weeks. There were no medicated zinc oxide or antibiotics in the feeds. The experiment compared different doses of copper, supplied either with copper sulphate or with CoRouge®
■ CuSO4 ■ CoRouge®
.
At 14 days of supplementation, a clear dose response was already observed, with CoRouge®
fed piglets growing faster. After 35 days of
supplementation, piglets gained 3.3kg weight when fed 160 mg/kg of copper in comparison to 15 mg/kg. Piglets which received 160 mg/kg Cu from CoRouge®
achieved even higher final BW at 21.4 kg, resulting
from improved feed intake and feed conversion ratio. To conclude, the beneficial effect of high Cu dose on piglet weight gain is still exceptional, and this effect is maximized with CoRouge®
(Figure 7). If in the future European authorities decide for a drastic decrease Broilers Piglets University of Barcelona Wageningen University PAGE 36 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2018 FEED COMPOUNDER
in Cu supplementation in piglet diets, growth performance would be significantly impaired. However, at 15 mg/kg Cu, piglets fed CoRouge® would gain 800g more BW in comparison to copper sulphate after 5 weeks of supplementation.
µg/g
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