Feature: T&M
Figure 2: Keysight Technologies’s Infiniium V-Series and Tektronix MSO/ DPO70000 oscilloscope
Figure 3: Vector network analyser, 4-port calibration unit and 24-port calibration unit
of a customised front-end ASIC and real-time processing hardware enables highly accurate measurements to 16GHz with unprecedented speed yet in a compact form factor. The same ASIC technology can be found in automotive, industrial, defence, avionics and smart energy markets. The measurement accuracy is highly dependent on the
components in the signal path, such as amplifiers, samplers and ADCs. Benefits include low noise, high measurement dynamic range and extremely temperature-stable results. The highly-integrated ASIC can run multiple parallel
processes, helping dramatically reduce blind time. The next product, shown in Figure 2, is the Infiniium
V-Series Oscilloscope by Keysight Technologies, which enables testing multiple high-speed serial lanes and massive parallel buses. Its 160-bit hardware serial trigger and 20Gsamples/s digital channels provide timely validation and debug. A low-noise front-end technology, InfiniiMax III/III+ series probes and a novel voltage termination adapter provide performance to 33GHz. Among its other features are the maximised eye height
measurements, with low-noise contribution from the oscilloscope. Figure 2, right, shows the MSO/DPO70000 oscilloscope
by Tektronix. This is one of the most advanced oscilloscopes in its class, enabling development engineers to see signals better, with minimal noise. Debug signal anomalies can be determined faster and the analysis tools help with signal verification for automated compliance testing.
Vector network analysers For developers of electric vehicles, there are many test solutions for automotive battery management systems regulated by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Managing increasingly complex systems, and industry standards such as automotive Ethernet for example, create additional requirements for automotive testing, and the accompanying security issues. Such challenges would be unmanageable without innovative test solutions that support the transfer of road-test data to the test rig for reproducibility and test automation. One indispensable piece of equipment in automotive applications is the vector network analyser. Examples include
the R&S ZNB rack-mount vector network analyser, shown at left in Figure 3. The ZNB vector network analyser features wide dynamic
range of up to 140dB (at 10Hz IF bandwidth), trace noise of less than 0.004dB RMS at 10kHz frequency (IF) bandwidth, and high output power of up to +13dBm adjustable electronically over a 95dB range. Its measurement accuracy is high, with speed better than 5μs per point, featuring excellent and long-term temperature stability, ensuring reliable measurements over several days without having to recalibrate the unit. The compact two-port and four-port analysers feature low
operating noise thanks to their low power consumption and a sophisticated cooling concept, which also reduces operating costs and protects the environment. It supports all common calibration methods for coaxial
DUTs as well as for mea surements on other DUT units in test fixtures and on PCBs. Graphical wizards provide the following calibrations: through, open, short, match (TOSM); through, reflect, line/line, reflect, line (TRL/LRL) for PCB- based test structures and on-wafer applications; through, reflect, match (TRM) for applications using test fixtures; and unknown through, open, short, match (UOSM) for DUTs equipped with different types of input and output connectors and for calibration with an unknown through standard. Compared with the conventional adapter removal calibration method, this method reduces the number of calibration steps from 14 to seven, saving time and reducing calibration errors. The calibration units with two and four ports are intended
for direct connection to network analysers of the ZVA/B/T or ZNB/C families, like the ZN-Z51 four-port calibration unit equipped with different types of connectors, shown in Figure 3, middle. A network analyser’s accuracy after calibration depends on
the quality of the calibration standard used. The quality of the standard, in turn, depends mainly on how accurately the standard can be described by mod els. However, describing the open standard using a model may be problematic, so Rohde & Schwarz created the through, short, match (TSM) calibration method for the ZNB network analyser. This method requires only a through, a short and a match standard; an open standard is not needed.
www.electronicsworld.co.uk December/January 2021 43
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