Trans RINA, Vol 161, Part A4, Intl J Maritime Eng, Oct-Dec 2019
(Alderton and Saieva, 2013). Maritime transportation refers to the transportation of things, such as cargo or living things like humans or animals, from one place to another by sea and with sea-going vessels (Graziano et al., 2017; Ekberg et al., 2015). Although maritime logistics has a similar meaning, but the difference is that it also refers to the ongoing part of sea transportation in the land and hinterland of the ports and maritime routes (Lobrigo and Pawlik, 2015). In this context, the maritime logistics system consists of a network that includes private maritime vehicles, visited ports and transportation elements like factories, terminals, distribution points and markets (Corbett et al., 2010).
As mentioned earlier, the maritime transportation provides the transport of things such as cargo, humans and animals. The cargo that is carried by way of sea has a wide range like petroleum derivatives such as crude oil, LNG, CNG, fuel oil; various types of liquids, bulk cargoes and containers containing a wide range of liquids or solids such as cereals, water, ore, wood, timber and sand (Suarez-de Vivero and Rodriguez-Mateos, 2018; Pyc, 2016). Each cargo has its own type of transportation styles and transportation ships. Various classifications are possible according to distance, load, routes and services. Maritime transport can also be grouped into three main classes according to distance as cabotage transportation, shortsea transportation and international (oceangoing) transportation (Alderton and Saieva, 2013).
In terms of continuity and regularity of service, transportation is examined in two groups under the name of liner and tramp transportation (Suarez-de Vivero and Mateos, 2014). Liner transportation refers to the transportation between certain ports, in accordance with the public tariffs, with the ships operating according to the regular schedules (Rodrigue et al., 2009). The distinctive feature of liner transportation is the continuous service it ensures. Therefore, even if the ships do not find sufficient load, they come to the ports in order not to disrupt the program (Ugurlu et al., 2017). The ports that are removed from the program are also announced to the installers and carriers in advance (Alderton and Saieva, 2013). This type of transportation has the highest cost because of the high rate of port time within the voyage (Lobrigo and Pawlik, 2015).
2.
TURKEY'S POSITION IN MARITIME TRANSPORTATION
Turkey that is a partly shaped peninsula surrounded by the seas is a country with a coastline of about 8,300 km. There are all kinds of facilities to take advantage of the seas and maritime routes. Her presence in the Mediterranean basin, due to her proximity to the rich oil and gas resources in sectors such as transport and energy, Turkey is a country that should come ahead in the maritime issues.
Turkey's position in maritime transportation is in an effort to reach a considerable position today. Turkey’s maritime
transportation fleet is growing day by day and as the economy improves and production increases, Turkey will reach the position it deserves in the world in terms of maritime space (Kose et al., 2018).
The number of Turkish ships in the whole international transportation is 1,522 (633 Turkish flagged ships and 889 foreign flagged ships that owned by Turkish ship owners) with a DWT of 27,241,000 (Trade and Development, 2018). Turkey is 15th in the world that has the ships in terms of DWT (Trade and Development, 2018).
As an example, there are 774 Greek flagged ships and 3,597 foreign flagged ships that are owned by Greek ship owners in the world (Trade and Development, 2018). The Greek ships in the whole international transportation has 330,176,000 DWT (Trade and Development, 2018). Greece has the biggest owned ships in the world in terms of DWT.
As another example, there are 943 USA flagged ships and 1,128 foreign flagged ships that are owned by USA ship owners in the world (Trade and Development, 2018). The USA ships in the whole international transportation has 68,930,000 DWT (Trade and Development, 2018). USA is 8th in the world that has the ships in terms of DWT (Trade and Development, 2018).
At the same time, the conditions provided by the flag of convenience states have a big share in this theme (Rodrigue et al., 2009). Therefore, Turkey and the majority of other countries are using foreign flags because they benefit from them. In 2018, the countries such as Panama, Liberia, Marshall Islands and Hong Kong, the flag of convenience states, are leading the world as a percentage of DWT. Turkey ranks 30th with 0.4% (Trade and Development, 2018).
The flag of convenience states are at the highest level with their incentives, bureaucratic facilities and tax deductions (Alderton and Saieva, 2013). In recent years, developed countries such as Germany, France and England provide such incentives and wishes to become a flag of convenience state (Fan et al., 2014; Maier, 2014). The reason for this is the importance of the flag of a country on international platforms and the desire to get more share from commercial transportation.
After all that, it can be seen that the position of Turkey in the world was inadequate. It can be also said that some of the countries that are in competition with Turkey seem to be ahead of Turkey and some others are behind Turkey. For the determination of Turkey’s maritime transportation policy, many components and inputs are needed. The current global economy, international law, national government policies, international relations and the security of maritime routes are just a few of them. As a result of the analysis of all these components in a suitable way, an appropriate maritime transportation policy can be determined for Turkey. With the help of this, Turkey may
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©2019: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
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