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Electronics


field-effect transistor (MOSFET). A disposable test strip is inserted into the MOSFET circuit, which has a microfluidic channel at its tip. This channel consists of clusters of gold-plated electrodes coated with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and if a sample positive for the virus is introduced to it, the viral spike proteins bind to the antibodies on the gold electrode. This generates an electrical signal that can be amplified by the MOSFET and sent to the printed circuit board (PCB). Through this method, the system can determine the concentration of the spike proteins and the concentration of the virus particles by the strength of the electrical signal. A wide range of concentrations, from only 100 virus particles per millilitre up to 2,500 virus particles per millilitre in the sample can be detected within one second.


As the PCB is reusable using disposable cartridges, a portable and cost-effective SARS-CoV-2 test system has been developed, which could also be used for the detection of other diseases by coating other antibodies to the gold electrodes. The MOSFET method of these researchers has only been explored in a research setting, and the team behind it are yet to establish sensitivity with an appropriately sized study – but it does give a glimpse of what could be possible by combining electronics and microfluidics


Analysing cells using microfluidics


The 13-year-long Human Genome Project (HGP) is heralded as one of the greatest scientifi c achievements of the past century for mapping the DNA sequence of which every human shares a 99.9% concordance rate. But that remaining 0.1% can account for more than three million differences between one person’s genome and another’s – those differences are called mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Both SNPs and mutations are mistakes made during the replication of DNA – a constantly occurring process – but mutations happen in less than 1% of humans, while SNPs occur in more than 1%. Both, however, can either cause or raise the probability of a person developing a range of diseases, which is why researchers are using microfl uidics to isolate specifi c cells in a process known as total single cell analysis. The hope shared by researchers conducting such experiments is that isolating specifi c abnormalities in genetic code could shed more light on the ultimate causes of certain diseases, as well as how experimental treatments impact them. In what could be seen as the next stage of granularity in the understanding of genomics since the HGP reached its conclusion, an international collaborative effort to create a map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues is under way. This, it’s believed, will provide a framework for understanding the differences seen in cells and how they relate to the occurrence and development of human disease. Named the Human Cell Atlas Project, the scientists involved are using microfl uidics to process tens and hundreds of thousands of single cells simultaneously to measure their transcriptional profi les at rapidly decreasing costs – bringing the ambitious goal closer to reality every day.


in a diagnostic tool. Meanwhile, with the length of time required to obtain a PCR test proving to be a limitation to controlling the pandemic, increasing the availability of testing carried out in portable microreactors could be vital when we’re faced with another virus. ●


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