330 O


Open kinematic chain: A chain of joint movements in which the distal segment or segments move and the proximal segment or segments are fi xed.


Opposition: Movement of the thumb where the thumb’s pad opposes the fi nger pads.


Origin: The proximal attachment site of a muscle. Osteokinematic movement: Movement of the skeletal system through the planes of motion.


P


Passive insufficiency: The inability of a muscle to lengthen further after it is stretched to its limit.


Passive movement: Movement caused by an external force, not by muscle stimulation. Plasticity: The ability of tissue to maintain its structural change after a force is removed.


Posterior: Behind a reference point. Posterior pelvic tilt: Rotation of the pelvis where the anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis and the pubic symphysis move superiorly.


Potential energy: The energy stored by an object that is related to the position or deformation of the object.


Prehension: The ability of the fi ngers and thumb to grasp and hold an object.


Pronation: Rotation of the forearm with the palm facing downward.


Proximal: Closer to the trunk of the body. Push off phase: One of three subphases of the stance phase of the gait cycle that begins with heel off and ends with toe off. Also referred to as the pre-swing phase.


Q


Q-angle: The angle formed by the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine and the midpoint of the patella and the line along the long axis of the patellar tendon. The angle is a clinical measure of the line of pull of the quadriceps muscles.


Quiet ventilation: Ventilation during low-intensity activities that have low metabolic demands.


R


Radial deviation: Abduction of the wrist toward the radius.


Reciprocal inhibition: State in which the agonist muscle is stimulated, while the antagonist muscle is inhibited.


Reposition: Movement of the thumb from the position of opposition back to the anatomical position.


Residual volume: The volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced expiration.


Resistance force: The force acting to resist rotation.


GLOSSARY


Resting position: Position of the joint where there is the least amount of contact between joint surfaces, and all joint structures have the least amount of tension.


Retroversion: Femoral torsion signifi cantly less than 15°.


Reversal of action: Reversal of muscle action. Typically, a muscle moves its distal attachment (insertion) toward its proximal attachment (origin). In a reversal of action, the muscle moves the proximal attachment toward the distal attachment.


Rotation (rotary motion): Motion that occurs in an arc around an axis.


S


Sagittal axis: Axis oriented in the sagittal plane. Rotary movement in the frontal plane occurs around a sagittal axis.


Sagittal plane: Plane in space that is oriented vertically in an anterior and posterior position. The plane divides objects into right and left sections. Scapulohumeral rhythm: For every 3° of shoulder elevation, 2° of elevation occurs at the glenohumeral joint, and 1° of elevation occurs at the scapulothoracic joint.


Screw-home mechanism: The rotational motion between the tibia and the femur that occurs at end range extension to move the joint into terminal extension or during the initiation of fl exion at the joint once it is in terminal extension.


Shear forces: Forces produced as two objects in contact with each other slide past each other in opposite directions.


Single-limb support: Periods during the gait cycle when only one limb is in contact with the ground. Occurs once during the stance phase and throughout the entire swing phase.


Stable equilibrium: State in which the body is able to maintain or recover its center of mass position when that position is disturbed by outside forces.


Stance phase: The portion of the gait cycle that begins when the limb makes initial contact with the ground and ends when the same foot leaves the ground.


Static equilibrium: The state of an object when all forces acting on the object are equal and in opposite directions. The object is not in motion.


Step length: The distance between the contact point of the fi rst heel and the contact point of the second heel as a step occurs during the gait cycle.


Step time: The time it takes to complete one step, right or left.


Step width: The lateral distance between the centers of the heels of two consecutive heel strikes.


Stride length: The distance composed of a right and left step length. It is measured as the point


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