Figure 5.19 Average thoracolumbar range of motion. (A) Flexion, 70° to 85°. (B) Extension, 35° to 40°. (C) Lateral flexion, 45°. (D) Rotation, 30° to 40°.
absorbers to counter weight-bearing forces between the sacrum and the ilium. The sacrospinous ligament binds the ischial spines of the lateral borders of the sacrum and the coccyx, and the sacrotuberous ligament attaches the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity (Fig. 5.23). The sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints are syn- arthrodial joints displaying lines of fusion between bones that fused during development. The sacrococcygeal joint
is where the coccyx joins the apex of the sacrum and is surrounded by several strong sacrococcygeal ligaments. The intercoccygeal joints are the articulations of the three most distal vertebrae.
The symphysis pubis is the cartilaginous joint between the two anterior portions of the pelvic ring. The joint has a fi brocartilaginous disc that joins the hyaline cartilage surfaces of each end of the joint. Although the joint has
