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GLOSSARY
Center of gravity (COG): The location around which all parts of the object are exactly balanced. Also known as center of mass; the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Center of mass (COM): The location around which all parts of the object are exactly balanced. Also known as center of gravity; the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Cephalic (cranial): Closer to the head. Circumduction: Movement that occurs in a circular pattern through at least two different planes of motion.
Closed kinematic chain: A chain of joint movements in which the distal segment or segments are fi xed and the proximal segment or segments move. Close-packed position: Position of the joint in which the surfaces are in maximal contact with each other.
Cocontraction (stabilization): Simultaneous activation of both the agonist and the antagonist.
Compressive forces: Forces that push one point directly against another point.
Counternutation: Movement of the sacrum when the base moves posterior and superior and the apex moves anterior and inferior.
Coupled motion: Joint motion around one axis occurs simultaneously with joint motion around another axis.
Coxa valga: An abnormal increase in the angle and incline formed by the femoral neck and the femoral shaft.
Coxa vara: An abnormal decrease in the angle and incline formed by the femoral neck and the femoral shaft.
Creep: Progressive tissue strain when exposed to constant forces over a period of time.
Curved line (curvilinear) motion: Motion that occurs from point to point in a curved path.
D
Deep: Away from or further from the surface. Degrees of freedom: The number of planes of angular motion that occur at a specifi c joint.
Displacement: A change in the position of an object as a result of one or more forces.
Distal: Further from the trunk of the body. Double limb support: Periods during the stance phase of the gait cycle when both limbs are in simultaneous contact with the ground.
Dynamic equilibrium: The state of an object that is moving at a constant speed.
E
Early swing phase: One of three subphases of the swing phase of the gait cycle that begins with toe off to mid-swing where the lower limb is directly under
the hip. Early swing phase is also known as initial swing phase or acceleration phase.
Effort force: The force acting in the direction that produces rotation.
End-feel: The sensation perceived by an examiner’s hands at the endpoint of the available range of motion. End-feel varies depending on the limiting structure or tissue.
Eversion: Rotary movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline.
Excessive anteversion: Femoral torsion signifi cantly greater than 15°.
Expiratory reserve volume: The amount of air that can be expired after the volume expired during quiet breathing expiration. Extension: Motion in the sagittal plane that increases the angle between two parts.
F
Femoral torsion: The rotational relationship between the neck of the femur and the femoral shaft. It is the position of the neck relative to the medial-lateral axis of the femoral condyles.
Flexion: Motion in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle between two parts.
Foot angle: The angle between the forward progression of the body during walking and the long axis of the foot.
Foot flat: The portion of the gait cycle when the entire foot makes contact with the ground.
Force: A push or pull that produces, stops, or changes motion.
Force couple: Parallel forces acting in opposite directions producing a torque in the same rotary direction.
Forced ventilation: Ventilation that requires muscles to increase the rate and depth of ventilation beyond those of quiet ventilation.
Frontal axis: Axis oriented in the frontal plane. Rotary movement in the sagittal plane occurs around a frontal axis.
Frontal (coronal) plane: Plane in space that is oriented vertically in a side-to-side position. The plane divides objects into front and back sections.
Functional residual capacity: The volume of air that remains in the lungs after quiet expiration; it is the combination of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
G
Gait cycle: A gait cycle is made up of the functional units of walking: the stance phase and the swing phase.
Gait speed: The distance covered walking during a given amount of time. Also known as walking speed.
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