GLOSSARY
General motion: Motion that combines translatory and rotary motion.
Genu valgum: The angle formed in the frontal plane between the femur and the tibia that measures an average between 170° and 175°. Excessive genu valgum occurs with an angle of less than 170°.
Genu varum: The angle formed in the frontal plane between the femur and the tibia that measures greater than 180°.
Ground reaction force (GRF): The force applied by the ground to an object that applies a force to the ground.
H
Heel off: Heel off occurs during the component of the gait cycle when the heel lifts off the ground before the beginning of swing phase.
Horizontal (transverse) plane: Plane in space that is oriented horizontally and divides objects into upper and lower sections.
Hypermobile (joint): A marked increase in the amount of arthrokinematic movement between joint surfaces.
Hypomobile (joint): A marked decrease in the amount of arthrokinematic movement between joint surfaces.
I, J
Inertia: The resistance of an object to a change in direction or speed from its present state in linear motion.
Inferior: Below an area or structure. Initial contact: Initial contact is the moment the foot contacts the ground during the gait cycle. Also referred to as heel contact or heel strike.
Initial contact phase: One of three subphases of the stance phase of the gait cycle that begins with initial contact and ends with foot fl at. Also referred to as weight acceptance of the loading response phase.
Insertion: The distal attachment site of a muscle. Inspiratory capacity: The volume of air that can be inspired during quiet ventilation plus the volume of air that is inspired during forced ventilation.
Inspiratory reserve volume: The amount of air that can be inspired after the volume inspired during quiet breathing inspiration.
Inversion: Rotary movement of the sole of the foot toward the midline.
Joint play: The slight passive motion in most joints. Also known as accessory motion.
K
Kinesiology: The scientifi c study of movement and physical performance.
Kinetic energy: The mechanical energy of a moving object.
Kyphotic curve: A spinal curve that is convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly.
L
Late swing: One of three subphases of the swing phase of the gait cycle that begins after mid-swing and continues as the limb decelerates until initial contact (heel strike). This subphase is also referred to as terminal swing or the deceleration phase.
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body or a structure.
Lateral rotation: Motion in which the anterior surface of bone rotates away from the midline.
Line of gravity (LOG): The direction and magnitude of the gravitational force on the body or body segment.
Linear (rectilinear) motion: Motion that occurs in a straight line from point to point.
Loose-packed position: All other positions of a joint that are not the close-packed position. In a loose- packed position, there is suffi cient joint play to allow arthrokinematic and osteokinematic motion.
Lordotic curve: A spinal curve that is convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly.
Lumbopelvic rhythm: Movement of the lumbar spine in relationship to the pelvis.
Lumbosacral angle: The angle formed between the L5-S1 articulation and the horizontal.
M
Medial: Toward the midline of the body or a structure. Medial rotation: Motion in which the anterior surface of bone rotates toward the midline.
Mid-stance phase: One of three subphases of the stance phase of the gait cycle that begins with foot fl at and ends with heel off. Also referred to as terminal stance.
Mid-swing phase: One of three subphases of the swing phase of the gait cycle that begins when the lower limb is directly under the hip during swing phase as the limb transitions from accelerating during early swing and decelerating during late swing.
Moment arm: Perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of force.
Moment of inertia: The resistance of an object to rotary motion or change in rotary motion.
N
Neutral equilibrium: State in which the center of gravity is moving but stays within the same plane.
Nutation: Movement of the sacrum when the base moves anterior and inferior and the apex moves posterior and superior.
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