Figure 13.28 Pronation and supination at the subtalar joint. (A) Neutral position of the calcaneus. (B) Pronation with calcaneal eversion.
Continued
into pronation, the transverse joint can move into supi- nation or pronation. This ability helps the toes maintain contact with the ground when the rearfoot is in a position that would tend to lift the toes off the ground.
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
The ankle and foot consist of a complex design in which the sum of many components produces a structure
that can be pliable and adapt to various terrains during locomotion and then become rigid to propel the body forward. Malfunction in one component of the ankle and foot complex can lead to dysfunction of the entire unit. Such malalignment and malfunction can lead to connective tissue trauma and ultimately to joint and bone damage. It is important to remember the infl uence of the proximal joints of the lower extremity and a stable core on ankle and foot function—and vice versa. Poor control and weakness of the hip can infl uence the align- ment of the knee, ankle, and foot. Likewise, weakness or malalignment in the ankle and foot produces proximal joint postures that can lead to pain and dysfunction in areas far from the foot.
