For permission to reproduce artwork, the author and publisher acknowledge the following copyright holders: © AKG-IMAGES: 70B, 118TR, 118 (timeline 1517), 121; © Alamy: 1TR, 1BL, 1CL, 3A, 3E, 3G, 3J, 3L, 6 (timeline Bronze Age), 7, 9, 10B, 10D, 14, 16TR, 16CR, 16 (timeline Bronze Age), 20BR, 20CR, 20BL, 21BC, 24, 26, 28TL, 28TR, 32, 33CR, 33BR, 34Bl, 37TR, 38 (timeline Bronze Age), 38TR, 38CR, 42C, 42B, 46, 47BC, 47TR, 47BL, 48CL, 51 (timeline 0), 51TR, 63, 66BL, 83T, 84 (timeline 1472), 86CL, 87CL, 87BR, 87CR, 90CL, 92T, 95TR, 96 (Copernicus), 96 (Kepler), 97, 99CL, 103, 104TL, 104BL, 106TR, 106TL, 106 (timeline 1492), 110, 112, 116CR, 116BL, 118TL, 118 (timeline 1545), 119, 120, 123CRB, 125TR, 125TL, 126CL, 126BL, 127, 128BR, 128, 129CL, 130, 131TR, 142TR, 143TCL, 143CL, 143TR, 145, 150 (timeline 1773), 150 (timeline 1781), 155BL, 155TL, 156, 157, 162TR, 163 (timeline 1782, 1800, 163 (timeline 1829), 1848), 163 (timeline 1867), 163 (timeline 1870, 1893), 165, 166, 167, 168, 172CR, 172TR, 172BL, 174TR, 179BR, 180, 181, 182TL, 186TR, 186 (timeline 1846), 186 (timeline 1845), 189, 191T, 191B, 199, 200 (O’Hara), 200 (Hogan), 200T, 200 (Brady), 200 (McEnroe), 200 (Rice), 200 (Dempsey), 200 (O’Keeffe), 202BR, 202CR, 205CR, 206, 208, 209, 217TL, 221T, 228TL, 229, 230 (timeline 1915), 231CR, 231BR, 232, 234CR, 237, 239, 245TR, 251, 255TL, 255 (timeline 1936), 257 (Goebbels), 257 (Himmler), 257CR, 261CR, 262, 263, 266TR, 272TR, 272TL, 272 (timeline 1917), 274CR, 278BC, 280, 282, 284TR, 288BR, 293, 294TL, 294 (timeline 1944), 298BL, 301CR, 302CL, 305TR, 305, 305B, 306, 308, 313TL, 317, 318, 320TR, 320 (timeline 1942), 320 (timeline 1925), 321CL, 322TL, 326B, 327BL, 331TR, 342TR, 342 (timeline 1953), 344BL, 344CR, 345CR, 345 (timeline 1952), 345 (timeline 1961), 346CR, 349, 351BR, 351BC, 354, 358BR, 362C, 366 (Devlin), 366 (O’Sullivan), 366 (Taylor), 369TR, 370 (timeline 1969), 370 (timeline 1963), 372, 373CR, 373CL, 374, 375, 379T, 380CL, 381TR, 381CR, 382, 385, 386, 389BR, 393TL, 397BL, 397BR, 398BR, 403TR, 403 (timeline 1690), 405, 407B, 407T, 409BR, 413B, 417 (both), 426, 431B; © ASSOCIATED PRESS: 342TL, 355; © BARROW/COAKLEY: 139TR, 146, 149; © BPK IMAGES: 265BR; © BRIDGEMAN IMAGES: Duke William Exhorts his Troops to Prepare Themselves Wisely Like Men for the Battle Against the English Army, detail from the Bayeux Tapestry, before 1082 (wool embroidery on linen)/Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France/With special authorisation of the city of Bayeux/Bridgeman Images 53T, 430T, Duke William and his fleet cross the Channel to Pevensey, detail from the Bayeux Tapestry, before 1082 (wool embroidery on linen) (see 155377 & 323474 for details)/Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France/Bridgeman Images 53C, Many fall in battle and King Harold is killed, detail from the Bayeux Tapestry, before 1082 (wool embroidery on linen)/Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France/Bridgeman Images 53B, Ms 6712 (A.6.89) fol.133r King Stephen (c.1097–1154) miniature from ‘Flores Historiarum’, by Matthew Paris, 1250–52 (vellum), English School, (13th century)/Chetham’s Library, Manchester, UK/Bridgeman Images 66BR, Portrait of Hernan Cortes (1485–1547) (oil on canvas), Spanish School (16th century)/Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid, Spain/Index/Bridgeman Images 111, MS 634 ff1v-2 A General View of the Lands Belonging to the City of London, from ‘A Survey of the Estate of the Plantation of the County of Londonderry Taken in 1624 by Sir Thomas Phillips’ (vellum), English School, (17th century)/Lambeth Palace Library, London, UK/Bridgeman Images 136TL, Men of the South, 1921, Keating, Sean (1889–1977)/Crawford Art Gallery, Cork, Ireland/ Bridgeman Images 230TL, 243, Photo 12/Alamy Stock Photo 290BR, 350, Cartoon depicting the uneasy alliance between Hitler and Stalin, 1939 (colour litho), Marengo, Kimon Evan (KEM) (1904–88)/Private Collection/ Peter Newark Historical Pictures/Bridgeman Images. Also with kind permission of Richard and Alexander Marengo 291CR, CARTOON: COLD WAR BERLIN, 1948. ‘How to Close the Gap?’ American cartoon on the Russian attempt to drive the Western powers from Berlin by every possible means short of an outright act of war. Cartoon by D.R. Fitzpatrick, 1948./Granger/Bridgeman Images, Getty Images/Getty Images 425B; © CAIN: 142TL; © COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: 425T; © EUROPEAN UNION, 1972/SOURCE: EC – AUDIOVISUAL SERVICE: 419TL, 419 (timeline 1973); © FÁILTE IRELAND: 147; © GETTY IMAGES: Central Press/Getty Images 8, 252, VCG Wilson/Bettmann Archive 19, Bettmann/Contributor 20CL, 272 (timeline 1936), 306, 342 (timeline 1948), 347CR, 397TR, DEA/L. PEDICINI/De Agostini/Getty Images 21CL, DeAgostini/ Getty Images 38TL, 38C, 44, BORIS HORVAT/AFP/Getty Images 66CR, Archiv Gerstenberg/ullstein bild via Getty Images 70TL, Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images 87BL, 272BR, David Lees/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images 88, Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty images 113, 202 (timeline 1891), 216, 383B, Popperfoto/ Getty Images 115BL, 380TL, Photo12/UIG via Getty Images 129CR, Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images 174TL, 176, Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images 179BL, Universal History Archive/Getty Images 183, 196CR, 302CR, Trevor Humphries/Getty Images 200 (Ali), Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images 207, Hulton Archive/Getty Images 214TL, 230TR, 234CR, 241TL, 403 (timeline 1912), Hogan/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 217TR, 222BL, Piaras Ó Mídheach/Sportsfile via Getty Images 222BR, Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images 233TR, Heinrich Hoffmann/ullstein bild via Getty Images 269, Keystone/Getty Images 294TR, 298BR, 330TL, 330 (timeline 1941), 332BR, Fox Photos/ Hulton Archive/Getty Images 298CL, Past Pix/SSPL/Getty Images 298CR, Ozerksy/AFP/Getty Images 301BR, Bentley Archive/Popperfoto/Getty Images 311, 398TL, Carl Mydans/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images 313CR, Anne Frank Fonds – Basel via Getty Images 326TL, Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 330 (timeline
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