EXPLORING THE 1798 REBELLION – The Impact of the Physical Force Tradition on Irish Politics
Part of a swearing in ceremony for United Irishmen ‘What is that in your hand?’ ‘It is a branch’. ‘Of what? Of the tree of Liberty.’ ‘Where did it first grow?’ ‘In America.’ ‘Where does it bloom?’ ‘In France.’ ‘Where did the seed fall?’ ‘In Ireland.’
Oath taken by United Irishmen ‘I ---- do voluntarily declare that I will persevere (carry on) and endeavour (try) to form a Brotherhood of affection amongst Irishmen of every religious persuasion. I do further declare that I will persevere and endeavour for a Parliamentary Reform, and for an equal representation of all the people in Ireland. So help me God.’
1. How did the words in the ceremony connect Ireland with a wider revolutionary movement?
2. What, do you think, is the wider revolutionary movement? 3. What are the aims of the United Irishmen according to the Oath?
4. How does the oath show that the United Irishmen began as a peaceful organisation?
Wolfe Tone Theobald Wolfe Tone, a Dublin lawyer, was present at the founding meeting of the
United Irishmen. He came to prominence when he wrote a pamphlet, An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland (1791). Tone supported the British government getting rid of some more of the penal laws but he was disappointed that the government did not get rid of them all.
The influence of war War broke out between Britain and France in 1793 and this changed everything. Now the British feared a French invasion so they stopped any further reforms and brought in a policy of repression. The United Irishmen were banned so they became a secret, oath-bound society. Instead of seeking parliamentary reform, they started planning an anti-English rebellion and a republic.
Wolfe Tone sought help Tone went to America first, and then to France. He asked the French revolutionary government for help. They provided a fleet of 43 ships and 15,000 soldiers, with one of their most able commanders, General Hoche. They failed to land in Bantry Bay in 1796 due to bad weather. Tone, on board one of the ships, was very disappointed.
‘We have now been six days in Bantry Bay within 500 yards of the shore without being able to land. .... all our hopes are now reduced to getting back safely to Brest (France), and I believe we will set sail for that port the instant the weather will permit.’
A drawing by James Gillray, an English artist, on End of the Irish Invasion;– or– the Destruction of the French Armada (1797)
Can you identify the ships? Does this drawing support or oppose the French attempted invasion in Bantry Bay in 1796? Is this mocking the invasion? Is this propaganda? Explain your answers by referring to to evidence in the drawing.
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What were the aims of the United Irishmen? Why did their aims change? What part did Tone play?
2Explain the role of Wolfe Tone
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