Part 9: Understanding the language point


Task 15: Conjunctions and connectors are some of the most useful words in English. They help you show how your ideas are linked together. Ten key purposes for using these kind of words are listed below.


1. To show contrast/concession


however, whereas, while, although, even though, in contrast, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, yet


2. To emphasize/highlight indeed, moreover, specifically, in fact


3. To show a sequence/time relationship when, while, firstly / secondly / thirdly, after, until


4. To show cause and effect


since, because of, due to, as such, therefore, thus, for this reason, hence, accordingly 5. To add information/reinforce


besides, as well as, in addition, furthermore, moreover 6. To compare similarly, in the same way, likewise, equally


7. To present alternatives alternatively, on the other hand


8. To provide supporting information to illustrate this, for example, for instance


9. For transition regarding, with regard to, with respect to 10. To summarize in conclusion, in summary, to conclude, to sum up


Task 16: Add one of the linking devices from the list above to the gaps below. In some cases, more than one option may be available.


In 1991, Hofstede added a fifth dimension to his index, this was conducted by Michael Bond.


the main research for , this new dimension was called ‘long-term


orientation vs. short-term orientation’, and it shows the connection of the past to current and future actions. A lower score would show that tradition is important,


would show pragmatism. For example, short-term oriented societies believe that the most important events in one’s life occurred in the past, or are taking place now.


a high score long-


term oriented societies, they believe that the most important events will take place in the future. the introduction of this dimension, some previous critics felt that it had become , other critics still felt that the theory had fundamental problems.


more robust.


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