Lesson 11.2: Vocabulary, grammar and practising writing Part 7: Recapping the last lesson
Task 14: Present your ideas from Tasks 11, 12 and 13 to your partner. Your partner should be a ‘critical friend’, telling you whether they think your causes and effects match.
Part 8: Understanding the grammar point
Task 15: The following sentences appeared in a draft of the essay found in Part 3. In each case, underline the common grammatical mistake which has been made.
1. The melting of this large quantity of ice will lead to higher sea levels which will have potentially disastrous affects not only for islands.
2. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased to more than 40% since pre-industrial times.
3. This makes the atmosphere warmer, and as the Earth’s atmosphere warms. 4. Decisions taken at Paris Climate Change Summit in 2015 look promising. 5. A recent report in the influential science journal Nature reveals 3.3 million people a year die from outdoor air pollution.
6. The 10 warmest years since 1880 occurred since 1998.
Task 16: Read the following information about common grammatical mistakes and how you can avoid them. Pay particular attention to those areas which are most directly relevant to you.
1. Word forms Ensure that you do not use a noun (e.g., significance) when an adjective (significant) is needed, or a verb (signify) when an adverb (significantly) is required.
2. Agreement a. Use auxiliary verbs correctly (e.g., has/have; is/are; do/does). b. Ensure that uncountable nouns use singular verbs (e.g., research, progress, evidence, proof, information).
c. Ensure that, when using noun phrases, you are guided by the head word (e.g., The reason why millions of people did this was …).
3. Sentence structure a. Missing verbs – all full sentences must contain a main verb. A sentence is composed of a subject and a main verb.
b. Missing clauses – do not forget to add clauses when using conjunctions such as although, since, if, because, etc.
c. Don’t use too many clauses in one sentence: if a sentence is too long, with too many clauses, it will be unclear and very difficult to read. Not using more than three clauses in a sentence is a good general rule to try and follow.
d. If your sentence has two independent clauses ( i.e., they could exist by themselves), then they cannot just be joined with a comma – they also require a coordinating word (e.g., and, yet, or, so, nor, but).
4. Prepositions Ensure that you select the correct preposition for the meaning you wish to give. Often, your initial feeling will be correct, but if you are unsure, you should check (e.g., by searching online to see whether the noun/verb + preposition you have used exists).
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