LIGHTING
(4000K), CRI>90, IP65 or better, UGR>19, are clear. However, in a hybrid operating theatre – where green light may be utilised to ensure the clarity of visual equipment – the limited available locations in the ceiling as a result of other services and equipment can make it difficult to achieve the desired results.
5 lux average
The recommendations when night lighting a ward environment.
10 lux maximum 0.5 lux maximum at the pillow area
n Unified Glare Rating (UGR) – this is a numerical value relating to discomfort glare and brightness of a luminaire compared to its surroundings (it is with noting that while a UGR value is quoted, the whole area of the installation can impact on the final result).
n Uniformity – this is the balance between the minimum and average (occasionally, minimum to maximum) light levels, ensuring an even distribution of light and preventing extreme contrast between bright spots and shadows – enhancing visual comfort.
n Reflectivity – this is a reflection value given to surfaces – typically ceiling, walls, and floor. It can influence the lighting levels and should be considered at design stage.
With this in mind, I am sure you can see that, by understanding the basics, we can provide the best solution in any given application. Each criteria has a different level of priority subject to a given application, but can assist in making the right choice when selecting luminaires and light sources.
Martyn Whittaker
Having spent over 40 years working in the lighting industry including working for many global companies from design through to sales as well as many specialised sectors, gaining considerable experience, knowledge, and qualifications while building relationships based on quality service, Martyn has now made the decision to pass on his knowledge by creating the independent training organisation MWILLUMITECH Training.
The right light in the right place In order to design and provide the correct solution, it is also important we follow the recommendations of the many standards and guides, such as LG2, the HTMs, the various British Standards, and wiring regulations, which should always form the foundation of any design and installation. When we start the process of designing a new or refurbished area – or even just replacing the lighting – it is important we understand the intended use of the area and consider the environment, which will provide a baseline for the lighting products’ specification in some areas. This may also include mechanical properties and detail such as luminaire properties; for example, the IP (ingress protection) or IK (impact resistance) ratings and, in some areas, anti-ligature requirements. We should always endeavour to consider the installation and maintenance processes which can impact on the operation of an area.
General theatre lighting In some areas, the requirements are relatively straightforward; for example, for an operating theatre and its associated areas, the required lux levels (1000 lux but should not exceed 1500 lux), colour Temperature
110 Health Estate Journal October 2026
Ward and bedded areas When we consider ward space, lighting can be equally difficult but in a very different way, as different types of wards – general, HDU, cardiac care, maternity/birthing suites, for example – require different light levels and may also be classified as treatment areas. Glare becomes important when you think about a patient in a recumbent position and the inclusion of a reading light, as well as providing sufficient light for the medical staff to perform examinations and observe the patient. The use of centrally and ceiling located luminaire panels or downlighters can often cover the general lighting levels; alternatively, linear luminaires between the beds can provide a good solution. The use of wall mounted bed head luminaires provides flexibility over each bed space; however this also brings about a number of considerations – especially when we take installation into account. They should not be so low they encroach into the space or are a hindrance to staff, and they should also have the flexibility to be controlled or adjusted by the patient or staff; this is often provided by a quality control system to allow most of the tasks required to be performed. In addition, nurse stations often have VDU equipment which requires consideration. Generally, the following are considered a good starting point for design: n General areas and lighting: 100 lux. n Bed head reading, mainly in the pillow zone: 300 lux. n General examination: 300 lux over the bed area. n Watch lighting: 10 lux (this is often employed in some critical care areas to provide a higher level of illumination for individual patients in critical or specialist care facilities).
Consideration should also be given to the use of natural daylight. A large number of hospital wards have windows designed to allow daylight in; this can have benefits if handled correctly, and could even offer cost savings by allowing the artificial lighting to be switched off if not required. Using one of the many proven control systems available can assist here; however, this can bring bright lighting adjacent to the windows and darker shadows against the inner areas where little or no daylight exists. Then you have night lighting – as described in LG2 section 3.11.4 – which can easily be overlooked. This can often only be achieved by specially designed luminaires which incorporate optically designed refractors or even black reflectors that limit glare to achieve the minimum discomfort to the patient while allowing staff to navigate the ward safely.
Hospital circulation and corridors In considering circulation areas such as corridors, it is equally important we consider patient comfort. Imagine the scenario of a patient laying on a bed with limited movement being transported along a corridor and the hypnotic effect a bright light flashing in their eyes every five seconds or so. It is likely the patient will be left in a state of higher stress or anxiety; however, the simple effect of relocating the luminaires to one side in a cornice fashion or the selection of a recessed luminaires with an asymmetrical distribution can often relieve this. The
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