20 SKIN CARE According to medical reports, fullerene-
based cosmetics are much less irritating to the skin than other cosmetics. The number of side effects reported by doctors is usually only one or two per year. Most were mild erythema and most of the affected patients have a positive reaction with phenoxyethanol, a cosmetic preservative.
Risk from external use From these results, it can be concluded that contact dermatitis due to fullerenes is extremely rare. The extreme low skin irritation of these fullerenes cosmetics suggests that fullerenes may also have the effect of slowing down the side effects of other substances. These effects may be due to the suppressive effect of fullerenes on inflammation related signals (PEG2). Fullerenes with a spherical structure are
expressed as nanoparticles about 0.7 nm in size, about the same as vitamin E and C molecules. They do not have the needle-like structure of carbon nanotubes and asbestos. It is thought that over time, they will gradually oxidise and decompose, and the sphere will open and change to a fragmented graphite-like structure. Under high concentration fullerenes are
known to generate active oxygen due to their pro-oxidant effect when strong light energy, such as UV rays, is applied.19
These effects are
common properties of antioxidants like vitamins C and E.20 Kepley raised the issue of past reports of harmful data. Previous studies, in which the starting material used for the experiments consisted of uncharacterised and impure fullerene-containing mixtures, have led to erroneous results suggesting that fullerenes, rather than the impurities, large particle sizes and many isomers, induced the toxicological effects, he found.21 Finally, NEDO project’s final report, ‘Risk
Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials: Fullerene (C60
)’, concluded that previous papers
had not confirmed the adverse effects of fullerene percutaneous exposure on short- and medium-term skin. On the contrary, it said, some effects have been reported to reduce skin damage from UV irradiation. In addition, fullerenes do not transfer to the dermis after percutaneous exposure, and there is little risk of transfer to other parts.22
Conclusion High-purity fullerene with a low concentration of 2 ppm contained in cosmetics did not show an oxidation promoting effect, and no significant toxicity for cosmetic use was observed. Many dermatologists’ papers and clinical data suggest that topical application has therapeutic effects on various oxidative stress disorders in the skin due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
References 1. Kato S, Aoshima H, Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Biological safety of Squalane oil dissolved fullerenes composed of squalane & fullerene-C60
upon mutagenesis photocytotoxicity & permeability into the PERSONAL CARE February 2022
2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
-0.50 -1.00 -1.50
-2.00 -2.50
4 weeks 8 weeks Figure 5: Results of a double-blind clinical trial
for fullerene wrinkles Note: An eight-week double-blind clinical test was conducted for the evaluation of anti-wrinkle creams. The wrinkled area was significantly reduced in the fullerene/squalene cream-treated area compared to the placebo-treated area
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3. Xiao L, Takada H, Gan Xh, Miwa N. The water-soluble fullerene derivative Radical Sponge exerts cytoprotective action against UVA irradiation but not visible-light-catalysed cytotoxicity in human skin keratinocytes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006 Mar 15;16(6):1590-5
4. Xiao L, Matsubayashi K, Miwa N. Inhibitory effect of the water-soluble polymer-wrapped derivative of fullerene on UVA induced melanogenesis via downregulation of tyrosinase expression in human melanocytes & skin tissues. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2007 Aug; 299 (5-6): 245 - 57
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8. Xiao L, Aoshima H, Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Fullerene polyvinylpyrrolidone clathrate localises in the cytoplasm to prevent ultra-violet-A ray induced DNA-fragmentation & activation of the transcriptional factor NF-kB. J. Cell. Biochem. 2010 Nov 1;111(4): 955-66
Fullerene ■ Placebo ■ p<0.05 (n=23)
9. Kato S, Aoshima H, Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Fullerene-C60
incorporated in liposome exerts
persistent hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and cytoprotection in UVA/B-irradiated kera-tinocytes. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2011 May;11 (5):3814-23
10. Kato S, Aoshima H, Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Fullerene-C60
derivatives prevent UV-
irradiation /TiO2-induced cytotoxicity on keratinocytes & 3D-skin tissues through antioxidant actions. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2014 May;14(5): 3285-91
11. Hyodo S, Saitoh Y, Murakami M, Aoshima H, Ito M, Maeda K. Protective function of Liposomal Fullerenes on the skin barrier, IFSCC2016 Congress, poster presentation
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13. Murakami M, Hyodo S, Fujikawa Y, Fujimoto T, Maeda K. Photoprotective effects of inclusion complexes of fullerenes with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Photodermatol. Photo. Immunol. Photomed. 2013 Aug; 29 (4):196-203
14. Fujimoto T, Ito A, Kokubo K, Aoshima H, Miwa N. Antioxidant property of fullerene is effective in skin whiting. Dermato. Pharmacology/ Cosmeceuticals, 62 (3), Supplement 1, AB54, 1 March, 2010
15. Fujimoto T, Ito M, Kokubo K, Aoshima H, Miwa N. Fullerene is effective against wrinkles. Aging/Geriatrics, 62 (3), Supplement 1, AB22, 1 March, 2010.
16. Fujimoto T, Ito M, Ito S, Yamana S. Effect of fullerene as an antioxidant during laser therapy. Surgery (Laser), 62(3), Supplement 1, AB149, 1 March, 2010.
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19. Hamblin MR. Fullerenes as Photosensitisers in Photodynamic Therapy: Pros/Cons. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2018 Nov. 01; 17(11): 1515–1533
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Variation in percentage of wrinkle area
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