F A I T H A L I V E
Q U E S TI O N S
of I sl a m f r o m t h e ti m e of M u h a m m a d ( 5 7 1 C E – 6 3 2 C E) t o t h e d e cli n e of t h e e a rl y - m o d e r n M u sli m c ali p h at e s f r o m t h e 1 6t h c e nt u r y o n w a r d s. S e c o n dl y, y o u will e x a mi n e t h e s c hi s m i n t h e M u sli m c o m m u nit y w hi c h l e d t o t h e d e v el o p m e nt of t h e S u n ni a n d S hi’ a t r a diti o n s.
K E Y C O N C E P T
T h e w or d c ali p h m e a ns s ucc e s s or.
K E Y C O N C E P T
A c ali p h at e is a st at e r ul e d by a n T IHIslNa mic l e a d er.
K A B O U T . . T h e P r o p h et M u h a m m a d u nit e d C H E C K Y O U R U N D E R S T A N DI N G t h e w a r ri n g t ri b e s of A r a bi a u n d e r t h e ti a g of
I sl a m. Aft e r M u h a m m a d’ s d e at h i n 6 3 2 C E, t h e I sl a mi c c o m m u nit y w a s l e d b y a s u c c e s si o n of l e a d e r s k n o w n a s t h e c ali p h s .
T h e c ali p h s f o u g ht a s e ri e s of w a r s a g ai n st t h e t w o g r e at p o w e r s b e y o n d A r a bi a’ s b o r d e r s: t h e B y z a nti n e ( E a st e r n R o m a n) E m pi r e t o t h e n o rt h a n d w e st, a n d t h e P e r si a n E m pi r e t o t h e e a st. T h e s e w a r s w e r e f o u g ht wit h t w o ai m s: t o d ef e n d I sl a m a n d t o s p r e a d it. Wit hi n t w o c e nt u ri e s of M u h a m m a d’ s d e at h, M u sli m f o r c e s h a d c o n q u e r e d all of t h e Mi d dl e E a st, C e nt r al A si a, N o rt h Af ri c a a n d s o ut h e r n S p ai n a n d P o rt u g al. D E B AT E
D E B AT E C H E C K Y O U R U N D E R S T A N DI N G I N T H E Z O N E I N T H E Z O N E
F o r s e v e r al c e nt u ri e s, t h e w h ol e I sl a mi c w o rl d – st r et c hi n g f r o m M o r o c c o o n t h e Atl a nti c t o t h e b o r d e r s of C hi n a i n c e nt r al A si a – w a s r ul e d i n t u r n b y j u st t w o d y n a sti e s. T h e s e w e r e t h e U m a y y a d s a n d t h e A b b a si d s
T HI N K A B O U T ...
T h e U m a y y a d s ( 6 6 1 – 7 5 0 C E) • • •
T h e A b b a si d s ( 7 5 0 – 1 2 5 8 C E) • • •
T h ei r c a pit al w a s at D a m a s c u s, i n S y ri a. T h ei r a r mi e s o v e r r a n S p ai n a n d n o rt h e r n I n di a.
T h e y m a d e A r a bi c t h e of ti ci al l a n g u a g e of t h ei r c ali p h at e. T h ei r c a pit al w a s at B a g h d a d i n m o d e r n - d a y I r a q.
T h e y w e r e g r e at p at r o n s of t h e a rt s, s ci e n c e s a n d m e di ci n e. T h e y e n c o u r a g e d lit e r a c y, n u m e r a c y a n d b uilt m a n y li b r a ri e s.
Ti m e s of c h all e n g e a n d d ecli n e I n t h e el e v e nt h a n d t w elft h c e nt u ri e s, E u r o p e a n st at e s f o u g ht a s e ri e s of milit a r y c a m p ai g n s k n o w n a s t h e
C r u s a d e s . T h e y
w a nt e d t o r e - e st a bli s h C h ri sti a n c o nt r ol o v e r t h e H ol y L a n d. T h e y di d r e g ai n c o nt r ol f o r a ti m e, b ut t h e y w e r e s u r r o u n d e d a n d o ut - n u m b e r e d b y t h ei r M u sli m o p p o n e nt s. E v e nt u all y, t h e g r e at M u sli m l e a d e r S al a di n d e st r o y e d t h e C h ri sti a n a r m y at t h e B attl e of H atti n i n 1 1 8 7. Aft e r t hi s, t h e H ol y L a n d w a s o n c e m o r e u n d e r I sl a mi c c o nt r ol.
2 7 0
C r u s a d e r fi a g
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