32 PEFTEC 2017 - Show Preview
the purge stage and extraction of a mixture of standards and additional compounds, including organo sulphides and organo thiolates (mercaptides) and extraction from other matrices including naphtha and crude oils must be undertaken.
References
(1) Wilhelm, S.M., Liang, L and Kirchgessner, D. (2006). Energy Fuels 20, pp 180-186
(2) Spiric, Z. and Mashyanov, N.R. (2000). Fresenius J Anal Chem, 366 pp 429-432.
(3) Lang, D., Gardner, M., and Holmes, J. (2012). http://www.
mercurynetwork.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/IKIMP-Oil- and-Gas-2012-Final-Report.pdf
Table 1: Recoveries of a selection of inorganic and organic mercury standards with serial extraction using L-cysteine, saturated NaCl and the UOP-938 stipu- lated solution of 100 mg/L NaCl.
In Conclusion
The use of a fi ne sintered frit during the purge stage reduces signifi cantly the time needed to remove all elemental mercury. It also decreases the proportion of any (CH3
)2 Hg present that would
be desorbed and thus improves the accuracy of quantifi cation of both the elemental and non-ionic organic mercury species in a condensate sample.
The study to date has shown that L-cysteine (1% v/v) exhibits far greater effi cacy than NaCl (100 mg/L) for extraction of soluble ionic mercury species from condensate. Indeed, even with mercury concentrations that exceeded the UOP 938-10 limit (in some cases) and with an extraction/contact time of just 10 minutes (from the fi rst serial extraction), the L-cysteine extraction effi ciency for all inorganic and organic ionic mercury species
tested, except Hg2 SO4 , exceeded 85%. Where time permits,
employing an optimised serial extraction with L-cysteine is likely to be the best approach for on-site mercury speciation.
The relatively poor extraction effi ciency of 100 mg/L NaCl excludes it from being the aqueous solution of choice for Qa3 on-site applications. It must also surely cast some doubt upon the effi ciency of UOP 938-10, certainly in samples where Hg2 C2
SO4 H5 HgCl are present.
If accurate, on-site speciation and quantifi cation of mercury species in the oil and gas industry is to be achieved so that fully effective mercury removal systems are employed and mercury partitioning within the hydrocarbon processing system is fully understood, then a robust method is required. Thus, further studies involving the optimisation of the parameters during
and
(4) Wilhelm, S.M., Liang, L., Cussen, D. and Kirchgessner, D. A (2007). Environ Sci Technol, 41 (13), pp 4509-4514.
(5) Carnell, P.J.H., Row V.A. and McKenna, R. (2007). http://www.
ivt.ntnu.no/ept/fag/tep4215/innhold/LNG%20Conferences/2007/ fscommand/PO_08_Row_s.pdf
(6) Harfoushian J. (2013). SPE, 166220.
(7) Kirby M. and Baker S. (2017). Poster presented at: 13th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, July 16 – 21 2017, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
(8) Rahman, G.M.M., Fahrenholz T.M., Kingston H.M.S, Pamuku M., Hwang J.D. and Young L.A (2010). Spectroscopy, 25(1) pp 36 – 45.
(9) Bouyssiere, B., Baco, F., Savary, L and Lobiñski, R. (2002). Journal of Chromatography A, 976 pp 431–439.
(10) Gaulier, F., Gibert, A., Walls, D., Langford, M., Baker, S., Baudot, A., Porcheron, F. and Lienemann, C-P. (2015). Fuel Processing Technology, 131 pp 254–261.
Author Details Stuart Baker, Matthew Kirby, Matthew Bower, David Walls and Mark Andrew, Qa³ Ltd • Unit 3, The Calvert Centre, Woodmancott, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 3BN, UK Tel: + 44 (0) 1256 397390 • Email:
enquiries@qa3.co.uk • Web:
www.qa3.co.uk
Specialists in Mercury Trace Analysis
Showcase at PEFTEC
TOC and COD Analysers for IECEx and ATEX Zones Explosive areas necessitate safety protection measures in order to ensure high labor safety
as well as operational safety. With its online TOC (total organic carbon) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) analysers QuickTOCultra, QuickTOCpurity and QuickCODultra, LAR Process Analysers, Germany, offers stand-alone measuring equipment with explosion- proof housings certifi ed according to the latest ATEX and IECEx standards. LAR’s custom-fi t analysers come with stainless steel housings with over pressure encapsulation and purging system (Ex p) that do not require air-conditioned shelters, providing an easier way to maintain and operate the measurement systems. LAR analysers are ready for operation in ATEX Zone 1 and Zone 2 (T3/T4) as well as in IECEx Zone 1 T4.
Please visit LAR on stands 46 and 47 at PEFTEC For More Info, email:
Mercury Instruments Analytical Technologies are the Experts in Mercury Analysis. As leading innovator for mercury trace analysis we develop and manufacture an enormously broad bandwidth of mercury analysers and mercury monitoring systems at the highest technical level. We are specialised in developing customised solutions for natural gas systems.
We offer single- or multi-channel systems for stationary installation or mobile use, if desired in EX certifi ed versions.
Mercury Instruments Monitoring Systems are an ideal tool to determine the effi ciency of MRUs (Mercury Removal Units) in real time. They are necessary to successfully monitor and control mercury concentrations during natural gas production and processing.
Working for a clean environment: Our monitoring systems, analysers and process analysers are also widely used to control mercury emissions of power plants, incineration plants processing industries working with mercury.
For More Info, email: email:
www.PEFTEC.com
For More Info, email: email:
43167pr@reply-direct.com
Mercury Analysers for the Oil and Petrochemical Industry
For almost 20 years Lumex Instruments manufactures, supplies and supports mercury analysers with unique technical specifi cations. The instruments are based on Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy with high frequency modulation of background absorption, which eliminates the effect of potential interferences. This technology allows ultrasensitive highly selective real-time measurements without any need for chemicals, any carrier or zero gases for operation. Most of the samples are analysed directly avoiding time-consuming and costly sample preparation and pre-concentration.
email: For More Info, email: email:
At PEFTEC LumexAnalytics will show the range of mercury analysers used for determination of mercury in natural gas, crude oil, condensate, refi ned products and other samples of petrochemical industry. New solutions, such as robotic sampler and continuous mercury monitoring systems will be presented during the event.
Our experts are looking forward to meet you at our booth (125). For More Info, email:
email: For More Info, email: email:
43740pr@reply-direct.com 43735pr@reply-direct.com
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76
