620 B. Gurung et al.
FIG. 1 Distribution of the four Buddleja species across the Himalayan region and south-western China.
Additionally, we excluded populations of Buddleja heliophila (considered a synonym for B. delavayi) because recent re- search by Ge et al. (unpubl. data, 2023) has revealed distinct molecular and morphological differences between them. During our field surveys of the species and their habitats,
we recorded habitat type, geographical coordinates (using a GPS), elevation, extent and impact of any human distur- bance, and identified any other potential abiotic or biotic threats, using the IUCN Red List Threats Classification Scheme (IUCN, 2023b). We recorded the number of mature individuals in each location, and resurveyed each location 1–7 years after the first survey (Table 1). The assessment was conducted according to IUCN B and C criteria (IUCN, 2012, 2023b), considering area of occupancy, habitat status, number of mature individuals, and major threats. From each population we collected healthy, mature seeds
of 10 individuals with 1–3 infructescences, and recorded col- lection time and locality. We dried and cleaned the seeds, and deposited seeds of all four species in the National Wild Plant Germplasm Resource Centre at the Kunming Institute of Botany, China. We initiated ex situ conserva- tion in Kunming Botanical Garden through tissue culture, cuttings and cultivation. We implemented automated conservation assessment
using the packages red and ConR in R 4.2.2 (R Core Team, 2023) and GeoCAT (GeoCAT, 2023), which use only occur- rence records.Weretrieved data from GBIF (2023) using the rgbif package in R (Chamberlain & Boettiger, 2017; Chamberlain et al., 2024), and cross-checked these data with data from the Chinese Virtual Herbarium (2023).
We filtered and cleaned data prior to automatic assess- ment. We excluded records with no location information or with a location outside of the species’ native ranges according to Plants of the World Online (2023). We re- moved duplicates and records with misinformation based on knowledge from our field surveys. We cross- checked the remaining records with the Chinese Virtual Herbarium (2023) and Herbarium KUN, and added any missing data where required. We combined the resulting data with the occurrence records from our field surveys. We estimated the extent of occurrence (the smallest poly-
gon inwhich no internal angle exceeds 180° and that contains all occurrences) using the convex hull method, and we esti- mated the area of occupancy (the area within the extent of occurrence that is occupied by a taxon) using 2 × 2 km grid cells (IUCN, 2012).Using ConRwe also estimated the number of locations and subpopulations using a sliding grid approach and a circular buffermethod, respectively (Rivers et al., 2010). Using red, ConR and GeoCAT we determined the Red List category for each species based on validated IUCN B1 and/or B2 criteria (IUCN, 2012, 2023b).
Results
In our field surveys,we recorded 68 healthy, mature individ- uals of B. colvilei (2018), 29 of B. delavayi (2017), .532 of B. sessilifolia (2015, 2018, 2022)and 18 of B. yunnanensis (2022). After filtering and cleaning the data from a combination of field surveys and data from GBIF and the Chinese Virtual Herbarium, we had 14 unique occurrence records of B.
Oryx, 2024, 58(5), 618–626 © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323001503
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