574 T. M. H. Almeida et al.
Janeiro Botanic Garden should also explore long-term ex situ conservation through seed banks (O’Donnell & Sharrock, 2017; Rivière&Müller, 2017). Many cactus species have orthodox seeds (Almeida et al., 2009; Abud et al., 2010) that can be successfully stored. However, some of the chal- lenges include limited knowledge of the seed biology of native Brazilian cacti (Assis et al., 2011) and the limited numbers of seeds per fruit and fruits per plant in many species (Ribeiro-Silva et al., 2011), which present difficulties for acquiring sufficient quantities of seeds for storage. Ex situ conservation involves techniques to conserve
genetic diversity and reduce the extinction risk of species (Costa & Bajgielman, 2016). Therefore, assessing a collec- tion, defining a target species list and prioritizing regional flora with a focus on rare and threatened species are all im- portant but are not endpoints in themselves. Collection of genetic material in the wild, following appropriate guide- lines, is required (Griffith et al., 2021), in particular seed col- lection. Ex situ conservation can then be achieved through seed banks and living collections, research on cultivation and propagation protocols and study of species biology (Assis et al., 2011). Seedlings propagated from high-quality seeds produced through in vivo cross-pollination, cultivated specimens and stored seeds can be used for reintroduction into suitable natural habitats, followed by monitoring (Costa & Bajgielman, 2016). Such ex situ conservation and reintroduction benefit from the development of networked collections and periodic reassessments of the effectiveness of conservation efforts (Gratzfeld, 2016; Griffith et al., 2021). The Cactarium of the Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden has
made significant progress in seeking to meet Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation in terms of analys- ing the diversity of and data quality for the plants in culti- vation. However, to maximize the value of living plant col- lections for conservation, we recommend that collection assessments consider the current conservation status of species, both in situ and ex situ, to ensure the ongoing relevance of the collection. In addition, we recommend that identification and provenance data are made available online, to maximize the value of cultivated living collec- tions for the conservation of native flora.
Author contributions Study design: THMA, DRG; data collection: THMA, DRG; data analysis: THMA, DRG; writing: all authors.
Acknowledgements We thank the Cactarium interns Thiago F. Gonçalves and Ricardo M. Tortorelli for their assistance with the in- ventory; Cactarium gardeners Jorge Ronaldo Simão and Vinícius Apareciano Lourenço for their assistance with plant maintenance dur- ing the inventory; Marcus A.N. Coelho, curator of the Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden living collection, for supporting this assessment; Associação de Amigos do Jardim Botânico, and Sylvia Aranha and family for supporting this collection; and the reviewers for their helpful critiques. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency or commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards.
Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in the Jabot–Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden database at
rb.jbrj.gov.br/v2/consulta.php.
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Oryx, 2024, 58(5), 565–575 © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605324000012
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