672 R. Horion et al.


FIG. 5 Activity patterns and overlaps between the four large carnivore species in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, during the dry season of 2021 (Table 3), with the number of independent images captured for each species shown in parentheses.


TABLE 3 Activity pattern overlaps between each pair of large carnivores (with confidence intervals in parentheses) in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, during the dry season of 2021 (Fig. 5).


Leopard


Spotted hyaena Leopard Lion


Δ4 = 0.84 (0.75–0.92) Lion


Δ4 = 0.75 (0.63–0.85) Δ4 = 0.83 (0.70–0.92)


Wild dog


Δ1 = 0.36 (0.19–0.51) Δ4 = 0.41 (0.21–0.54) Δ4 = 0.44 (0.27–0.61)


River during the dry season. Collecting and analysing data on patrols and illegal activities within the Park (Burton et al., 2012; Everatt et al., 2015) could further help to deter- mine the impact of patrols and where they should be focused. It is crucial to prioritize the conservation of large carni-


vores in West Africa, yet this is hampered by a lack of knowledge regarding their local ecology. Robust baseline data are needed on the population sizes, distributions


and ecological roles of large carnivores in this region, as well as the potential threats that they face. This informa- tion could then be used to develop targeted conservation strategies and construct successful recovery programmes for carnivores, their prey and their habitats (IUCN SSC, 2012). Given the potential ecological, cultural and econom- ic benefits of conserving large carnivores (Ripple et al., 2014; Gebresenbet et al., 2018), there is an urgent need for more research on these species in West Africa.


Oryx, 2024, 58(5), 664–675 © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323001746


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