Human–tiger conflict reduction in Nepal 657
FIG. 1 Location of Chitwan National Park, Nepal, and its surrounding buffer zone, depicting land cover, the four management sectors (units) and 22 buffer zone user committees. (Readers of the printed journal are referred to the online article for a colour version of this figure.)
the source population for the surrounding areas in Nepal and areas bordering India (Silwal et al., 2017).
Methods
Identification of potential conflict reduction measures We identified potential human–tiger conflict reduction measures through a review of the relevant literature (Barlow et al., 2010; Goodrich, 2010; Goodrich et al., 2011; Silwal et al., 2017), including journal articles, published and unpublished official documents and/or reports, and relevant web pages. We then refined the list of measures through 14 key informant interviews with officials of Chitwan National Park (5), the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (5) and representatives of buffer zone user committees (4) using a checklist and open- ended questions, in January 2022. Finally, we determined re- vised potential conflict reduction measures and then a sub- set identified as the most useful, through a workshop organized in Sauraha, near Chitwan National Park, in February 2022. The subset was then prioritized using a ques- tionnaire survey after the workshop with a wider group of participants, in February 2022. We conducted all surveys and workshops in Nepali and obtained the prior informed consent of all respondents. The workshop involved 46 conservation stakeholders in nine categories (Table 1): farmers, forest users, Indigenous
groups (fishers), tourist guides, safari operators, tour and hotel operators, business operators, local NGOs and National Park officials. We selected participants to ensure equitable representation from all four National Park man- agement units, to avoid potential bias. One participant from each of the twoNGOs was invited, and for the remain- ing eight categories we requested that the respective associ- ation/network/organization send an equal number of participants from each of the four management units. The respective association/network/organization independently selected the representatives. We screened the participant list for any bias and found that all management units were represented except for the tour and business operator cat- egories, for which no representation from one management unit (Madi) could be provided (because the nominated rep- resentative was absent). Because of resource constraints, we did not include other potential stakeholders such as journal- ists, civil society representatives, conservation partners or the general public.
Evaluation (prioritization) of conflict reduction measures
Weinitially identified 22 conflict reduction measures, which we categorized as preventative, mitigative or reactive (Goodrich, 2010). Through discussion in the workshop and by unanimous consent of participants, we identified a subset of nine potential measures from the initial 22:(1) compensation payments, (2) capture and translocation of
Oryx, 2024, 58(5), 655–663 © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323001734
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