search.noResults

search.searching

note.createNoteMessage

search.noResults

search.searching

orderForm.title

orderForm.productCode
orderForm.description
orderForm.quantity
orderForm.itemPrice
orderForm.price
orderForm.totalPrice
orderForm.deliveryDetails.billingAddress
orderForm.deliveryDetails.deliveryAddress
orderForm.noItems
Famoso—Dental variation in Oligocene equids Acknowledgments


I thank the Geological Society of America GeoCorps America program, which supported me while conducting research at John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. I also thank R. Dunn for assistance in obtaining locality names for Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture specimens, and C. Norris and D. Brinkman for providing photos of Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History specimens. Photos of University of California Museum of Paleontology specimens were taken while I was supported by the Doris O. and Samuel P. Welles Research Fund and by E. Holt. P.A. Holroyd, K. Bredehoeft, and C. Schierup assisted me with specimens in their respective collections. I especially thank J.X. Samuels for initially asking me to determine how many horse species were present in the Turtle Cove assemblage while working as a GeoCorps volunteer. Thanks are extended to M.M. Emery, S.S.B. Hopkins, and J. Calede for thoughtful discussions. I also thank J.X. Samuels, E.B. Davis, and J.D. Orcutt for feedbackwith this project and on earlier versions of this manuscript. B. Hunda, E. Scott, and anonymous reviewers provided valuable reviews that greatly improved this manuscript.


Accessibility of supplemental data


Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository: http://doi. org/10.5061/dryad.2p164


References Alberdi, M.T., 1987, La Familia Equidae, Gray 1821 (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) em El Pleistoceno de Sudamérica. IV Congreso Latino- americano de Paleontologia , Bolivia 1: p. 484–499.


Albright, L.B., III, Woodburne, M.O., Fremd, T.J., Swisher,C.C., III, MacFadden, B.J., and Scott, G.R., 2008,Revised chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the John Day Formation (Turtle Cove and Kimberly members), Oregon, with implications for updated calibration of the Arikareean North American Land Mammal Age: The Journal of Geology, v. 116, p. 211–237.


Boddaert, P., 1785, Elenchus Animalium, v. 1. Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, eorumque varietates: ad ductum naturae, quantum fieri potuit disposita: Roterodami, Apud C.R. Hake, 174 p.


Christensen, R.H.B., 2014, ordinal - Regression Models for Ordinal Data. R package version 2014.11-14. http://www.cran.r-project.org/package=ordinal/


Colbert, M.W., 2006, Variation and species recognition in Eocene tapirs from Southern California: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 26, p. 712–719.


Cope, E.D., 1878, On some of the characters of the Miocene Fauna of Oregon: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, v. 18, p. 63–78.


Cope, D.A., and Lacy, M.G., 1992, Falsification of a single species hypothesis using the coefficient of variation: a simulation approach: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, v. 89, p. 359–378.


Cope, D.A., and Lacy, M.G., 1995, Comparative application of the coefficient of variation and range-based statistics for assessing the taxonomic composi- tion of fossil samples: Journal of Human Evolution, v. 29, p. 549–576.


Famoso, N.A., and Davis, E.B., 2014, Occlusal enamel complexity in middle Miocene to Holocene Equids (Equidae: Perrisodactyla) of North America: PLoS ONE, v. 9(2), p. 1–11.


Famoso, N.A., and Pagnac, D.C., 2011, A comparison of the Clarendonian equid assemblages from the Mission Pit, South Dakota and Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska: Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, v. 32, p. 98–107.


Famoso, N.A., Feranec, R.S., and Davis, E.B., 2013, The relationship between lophodonty, hypsodonty, body mass and diet in extinct and extant ungulates: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 387, p. 211–216.


Farke, A.A., and Wilridge, C.A., 2013, A possible pterosaur wing phalanx from the Kaiparowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Southern Utah, USA: PalArch’s: Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, v. 10, p. 1–6.


1067


Fremd, T.J., 2010, Guidebook: SVP Field Symposium 2010. John Day Basin Field Conference, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument (and surrounding basin), Oregon, USA: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, p. 1–153.


Fremd, T.J., Bestland, E.A., and Retallack, G.J., 1994, John Day Basin Paleontology Field Trip Guide and Road Log: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meetings, p. 1–80.


Gidley, J.W., 1906, A new genus of horse from the Mascall beds, with notes on the small collection of equine teeth in the University of California: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 22, p. 385–388.


Hunt, R.M., and Stepleton, E., 2004, Geology and paleontology of the upper John Day beds, John Day River Valley, Oregon: lithostratigraphic and biochronologic revision in the Haystack Valley and Kimberly areas (Kimberly and Mt. Misery quadrangles): Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 282, p. 1–90.


Leidy, J., 1850, Description of Rhinoceros nebrascensis, Agriochoerus antiquus, Palaeotherium proutii, and Palaeotherium bairdii: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, v. 5, p. 121–122.


Leidy, J., 1869, On the extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska, including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, v. 7, n. 2, p. 1–472.


Leidy, J., 1870, Remarks on a collection of fossils from the western territories: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 22, p. 109–110.


Linnaeus, C., 1758, Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, 10th edition: Stockholm, Holmiæ, 824 p.


MacFadden, B.J., 1986, Fossil horses from “Eohippus” (Hyracotherium)to Equus: scaling, Cope’s Law, and the evolution of body size: Paleobiology, v. 12, p. 355–369.


MacFadden, B.J., 1989, Dental character variation in paleopopulations and morphospecies of fossil horses and extant analogs, in Prothero, D.R., and Schoch, R.M., eds., The Evolution of Perissodactyls: New York, Oxford University Press, p. 128–141.


MacFadden, B.J., 1997, Pleistocene horses from Tarija, Bolivia, and validity of the genus Onohippidium (Mammalia: Equidae): Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 17, p. 199–218.


MacFadden, B.J., 1998, Equidae, in Janis C.M., Scott, K.M., and Jacobs L.L., eds., Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, v.1: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 537–559.


Marsh, O.C., 1874, Notice of new equine mammals from the Tertiary formation: American Journal of Science and Arts, v. 7, n. 3, p. 249–250.


Marsh, O.C., 1875, Notice of new Tertiary mammals: American Journal of Science, v. 9, n. 3, p. 239–250.


Masciale, D.M., 2010, An Analysis of Anchitherine Equids Across the Eocene- Oligocene Boundary in the White River Group of the Western Great Plains [M.S. thesis]: Lincoln, University of Nebraska, 79 p.


Meachen-Samuels, J.A., 2012, Morphological convergence of the prey-killing arsenal of sabertooth predators: Paleobiology, v. 38, p. 1–14.


Meachen-Samuels, J.A., and Van Valkenburgh, B., 2010, Radiographs reveal exceptional forelimb strength in the sabertooth cat, Smilodon fatalis: PLoS ONE, v. 5(7), p. e11412.


Miller, G.E., 1991, Asymptotic test statistics for coefficients of variation: Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods, v. 20, p. 2251–2262.


Osborn, H.F., 1915, [No title; description of Kalobatippus gen. nov.], in Cope, E.D., and Matthew W.D. eds. Hitherto unpublished plates of Tertiary Mammalia and Permian Vertebrata: U.S. Geological Survey and American Museum of Natural History, Monograph Series 2, Plate 58.


Osborn, H.F., 1918, Equidae of the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene of North America, iconographic type revision: Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 2, p. 1–217.


Prothero, D.R., and Shubin, N., 1989, The evolution of Oligocene horses, in Prothero, D.R., and Schoch, R.M., eds., The Evolution of Perissodactyls: New York, Oxford University Press, p. 142–175.


R Core Team, 2013, R: A language and environment for statistical computing: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www. R-project.org/


Retallack, G.J., Bestland, E.A., and Fremd, T.J., 2000, Eocene and Oligocene paleosols of central Oregon: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 344, p. 1–192.


Samuels, J.X., 2009, Cranial morphology and dietary habits of rodents: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 156, p. 864–888.


Seligman, A.N., Bindeman, I.N., McClaughry, J., Stern, R.A., and Fisher, C., 2014, The earliest low and high d18O caldera-forming eruptions of the Yellowstone plume: implications for the 30–40 Ma Oregon calderas and speculations on plume-triggered delaminations: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 2, p. 1–34.


Shapiro, S.S., and Wilk, M.B., 1965, An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples): Biometrika, v. 52, p. 591–611.


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164  |  Page 165  |  Page 166  |  Page 167  |  Page 168  |  Page 169  |  Page 170  |  Page 171  |  Page 172  |  Page 173  |  Page 174  |  Page 175  |  Page 176  |  Page 177  |  Page 178  |  Page 179  |  Page 180  |  Page 181  |  Page 182  |  Page 183  |  Page 184  |  Page 185  |  Page 186  |  Page 187  |  Page 188  |  Page 189  |  Page 190  |  Page 191  |  Page 192  |  Page 193  |  Page 194  |  Page 195  |  Page 196  |  Page 197  |  Page 198  |  Page 199  |  Page 200  |  Page 201  |  Page 202  |  Page 203  |  Page 204  |  Page 205  |  Page 206  |  Page 207  |  Page 208  |  Page 209  |  Page 210  |  Page 211  |  Page 212  |  Page 213  |  Page 214  |  Page 215  |  Page 216  |  Page 217  |  Page 218  |  Page 219  |  Page 220  |  Page 221  |  Page 222  |  Page 223  |  Page 224  |  Page 225  |  Page 226  |  Page 227  |  Page 228  |  Page 229  |  Page 230  |  Page 231  |  Page 232  |  Page 233  |  Page 234  |  Page 235  |  Page 236  |  Page 237  |  Page 238