Chen et al.—New Jurassic Sinoalidae from China
County of Inner Mongolia. The fossil bed is Callovian– Oxfordian (latest Middle–earliest Late Jurassic) in age.
Description.—Specimen STMN48-1810 (Fig. 4.1–4.4): head partly preserved. Compound eyes missing. Rostrum extending
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maintain the specimen in open nomenclature in the genus Jiania Wang and Szwedo, 2012.
Discussion
to hind coxae. Antennae length as preserved ~0.6mm; flagellum filiform, with segments invisible. Pronotum partly destroyed, ~1.7mm long. Mesonotum ~3.1mm long in midline and ~3.5mm wide at base. Fore femur strong, basal part invisible, ~0.6mm wide; fore tibia ~2.5mm long, setose, with distinct ridges; fore tarsus ~1.4mm long; basitarsomere very short; apical tarsomere slightly longer than mid tarsomere; two claws visible. One middle leg preserved; middle femur slightly slenderer than fore femur; middle tibia shorter than fore tibia, setose, with distinct ridges; middle tarsus obscure; tarsal claws distinct. One hind leg nearly completely preserved, other one with tarsus and apical part of tibia missing; hind femur nearly as long as fore femur; hind tibia slender, ~3.7mm long, with two rows of lateral spines (each row with four spines for the com- plete tibia, but only one and three for the tibia with apical part missing) and a row of apical teeth; basitarsomere as long as mid tarsomere, apical tarsomere and claws destroyed. Abdomen invisible.
Forewings with middle and distal part missing, length as
preserved 8.9mm; one forewing obviously deformed. Costal margin slightly arched. Posterior margin as preserved almost straight. Costal area and clavus arched, long and narrow. Pc+CP long, almost parallel to costal margin. ScP weak and short, running to and fusing with ScP+R+M+CuA. ScP +R+ M+ CuA, bifurcating into ScP+R+M and CuA nearly at junction with crossvein cua-cup; stem ScP +R+M extremely short. StemMnearly straight as preserved; branching intoM1+2 and M3+4 basad of bifurcation of CuA and distad of ending point of A1. Stem CuA strongly curved at base, and then nearly straight as preserved. CuP strongly curved at junction with crossvein cua-cup, and then nearly straight. A1 nearly straight and A2 slightly sinuous. Hind wing obscure.
Remarks.—This specimen undoubtedly belongs to the family Sinoalidae based on its body structures and unique forewing with Pc+CP long, almost parallel to costal margin, ScP weak and short, and R, M and CuA divided from stem ScP +R+ M+CuA very closely. We placed the new specimen in the genus Jiania Wang and Szwedo in Wang et al., 2012 based on the following venational characters of forewings: short stalk ScP +R+M existing (vs. short stalk M+CuA existing in Sinoala Wang and Szwedo, 2012 and R, M, CuA separated from stem ScP +R+M+CuA at the same point in Luanpingia Hong, 1983 and Huabeicercopis Hong, 1983) andMbranching intoM1+2 andM3+4 basad of bifurcation of CuA and distad of ending point of A1 (versus M branching into M1+2 and M3+4 basad of ending point of A1 in SinoalaWang and Szwedo, 2012 andMbranching intoM1+2 andM3+4 just distad of bifurcation of CuA in Shufania n. gen.). However, due to incomplete pre- servation and somewhat deformation of the specimen, it is impossible to get more specific characters to compare it with the other two congeneric species in detail. Therefore, we herein
The Sinoalidae, with six known genera, is known so far only from the Middle to earliest Late Jurassic of northeastern China (Wang et al., 2012; this study). The new genus reported in the present study is distinct from all other genera in forewing venations, leading to the necessity to revise the family Sinoalidae. Bifurcation of vein M basad of bifurcation of CuA on forewing is considered as one of the important diagnostic characters for the Sinoalidae, differing from the con-superfamilial Procercopidae. However, Shufania n. gen. possesses a forewing with bifurcation of vein M apparently distad of bifurcation of CuA. Chen et al. (2015b) erected a new species, Anthoscytina elegans, based on ten well-preserved procercopid fossils collected from the Daohugou Biota. These specimens show high intraspecific variation on relative branching position of M and CuA. Therefore, this venational character, unstable even at species level for the Cercopoidea, is not appropriate for family-level diagnosis. Up to now, only two sinoalid species with information on
hind wings have been reported (Hong, 1983; Wang et al., 2012). Wang et al. (2012) established Sinoala parallelivena based on several fossils from the latest Middle-earliest Late Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China, including information of body structures, forewings, and hind wings. Hong (1983) erected Hebeicercopis triangulata based on an almost completely isolated hind wing and Huabeicercopis yangi mainly based on forewings from the Middle Jurassic of Heibei, China. Wang et al. (2012) considered that these two taxa might be synon- ymous because of the corresponding size and the same original horizon and locality. We herein report two new imprint fossils of Jiania gracila with some interesting information about sinoalid hind wings. Although the forewings of the genera Huabeicercopis, Sinoala, and Jiania are significantly different (see Wang et al., 2012), the venations of the three sinoalid hind wings are obviously less variable, which is expected because the venations of sinoalid hind wings are very simplified in topology and obviously reduced in branches of longitudinal veins. Hind wings with distal portion obviously darkly stained are
well preserved for STMN48-1808, and visible for STMN48- 1809 and most of the reported Jiania fossils (Fig. 3; Wang et al., 2012). However, this color pattern is completely absent for the seven well-preserved Sinoala fossils in Wang et al. (2012), so hind wings of this genus are likely colorless and transparent. Color patterns of hind wings are likely variable for different sinoalid froghoppers. However, wing color pattern is easily weakened or even erased by diagenetic processes for imprint fossils, so the morphological character is not reliable to distin- guish sinoalids, as is the case for other fossil cicadomorphs (e.g., Chen et al., 2016). Modern taxa of the Cercopoidea possess hind tibia with one
row of immobile spines (1–6, commonly 2) (Wang et al., 2012). Some studies based on abundant whole-body fossils suggest
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