system can then schedule and dispatch this virtual power plant as it would a conventional plant.
Forecasting and Optimization Not only will loads need to be forecast, but as the propor- tion of intermittent, volatile generation increases, the ability to accurately forecast generation will become essential. The Ventyx Nostradamus solution is able to take data from
many different sources such as weather forecasts, historical renewable generation data and load data, and learn the rela- tionships between them. Having learned these relationships it can then produce rolling forecasts of the state of the grid hours and days ahead.
Technology Validation All of the enabling technologies for energy storage are
mature and have been demonstrated and proven in real grid conditions. Indeed, most technologies such as power electronics and control technologies are also widely used elsewhere in the grid today.
Battery Energy Storage
In 2003, ABB applied battery storage technology to create a spinning reserve for an electric authority in Alaska. A power converter system solution, using nickel cadmium batteries, supplies power at 27 MW for 15 minutes and 46 MW for 5 minutes, which allows ample time for local generation to come online.
In 2011, ABB partnered with a Swiss utility to commis- sion the largest battery energy storage system of its kind in Switzerland. This 1-MW lithium-ion battery facility can absorb or discharge power for 15 minutes. It is integrated into the distribution network and is being used to evaluate performance in key areas such as balancing peak loads and intermittent power supply, and the viability of the solution for grid optimization.
Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage
ABB has been developing technologies and providing solutions for the hydroelectric power industry for more than 125 years. In that time, ABB has supplied power and automa- tion equipment for more than 300 hydroelectric power plants all over the world, from small installations of 1 or 2 MW to 10 GW giants.
At a pumped-hydro storage plant in the Swiss Alps, for example, ABB is retrofitting a variable speed drive (VSD) system based on the full converter concept. At 100 MW it is the largest VSD of its kind in the world.
Flywheel Energy Storage ABB partnered with an Australian electricity generator,
network operator and retailer, and others to build the world’s first high-penetration solar diesel hybrid power station. ABB’s (flywheel or battery based) PowerStore technology and automation system (M+) enable the power station to achieve consumer use penetration levels of 65% per annum and instantaneous penetration levels up to 100%.
Grid-Level Control, Forecasting and Optimization The ABB Ventyx Network Manager control center solution has accumulated well over 400 references around the world over the last 25 years. The SCADA/GMS generation manage- ment system within Network Manager is therefore a well- proven solution, capable of managing pumped hydro energy storage alongside all other forms of power generation. In Germany, ABB partnered with a university and an infrastructure and energy services provider in a project to demonstrate the ability of an energy management system to integrate renewables, energy storage, combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and electric vehicles into the grid. ABB’s solution involved implementing the Ventyx DRMS to create the virtual power plant and ABB’s MicroSCADA Pro to implement local monitoring and control each of the individual resources.
End-to-End Architecture The need for energy storage in the grid has always exist- ed, but in the past has largely been provided by the storage of fuel for fossil-fuel power plants and by keeping a propor- tion of capacity of power plants in reserve. With a move to wind and solar power, the grid must adapt to store electrical energy after it has been generated. Each energy storage technology has its own particular
pros and cons that need to be fully understood and, once installed, each technology needs to be controllable for the full benefit to be exploited.
With the physical assets and the ability to control them in place, the ability to make the right decisions on how best to manage them becomes critical. This requires accurate forecasts of the state of the grid and of the storage systems themselves. To accomplish this, new levels of intelligence are called for.
Understanding all of these pieces of the puzzle and how they fit together is key to defining an end-to-end architecture for energy storage in the grid.
This article first appeared in the 4/14 issue of ABB review. It is reprinted with permission. Advanced Manufacturing Engi- neering Media is grateful to ABB for allowing its use.
55 — Energy Manufacturing 2015
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