Wind power was found superior to the other two clean
energy systems in economic performance of the GHG mitiga- tion effect, particularly in those regions with high wind energy density (around Bochum, Germany) and/or high GHG emis- sion factor (near Shanghai, China). Among the six countries (US, Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Egypt, China) represented in the study, the highest mitigation potential of GHG emissions was estimated in China through wind power supply. Solar and fuel cell system applications showed much less potential for GHG mitigation in the six countries.
Although focused just on GHG mitigations, the analysis could be extended to other environmental emissions. Beyond the paper’s scope is consideration of alternatives available in some geographic locations for carbon credit trading and offsetting.
At MSEC 2014, the same authors, from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and General Motors R&D, presented more on geographic differences of GHG emission reduction from electric vehicle deployment in the US. Considering the total GHG emissions generated from the life cycle of an elec- tric vehicle (EV; represented by a Nissan Leaf) and an internal combustion vehicle (ICV; represented by a Toyota Corolla), the results indicate a 43% GHG emissions reduction from ICV levels with the deployment of EV, based on the average US electricity generation mix and driving styles across the 50 states (MSEC 2014 paper #4141).
Solar Technology Solar cell technology is a promising source of clean
energy but is hampered by low effi ciency, high manufactur- ing cost and large consumption of material. In a NAMRC 2014 paper (in press for SME’s Journal of Manufacturing Processes;
http://tinyurl.com/JMP-solarsubstrate), Himan- shu Ingale and Murali M. Sundaram (University of Cincinnati, OH) describe a novel method of depositing a thin fi lm direct bandgap semiconductor material on a lightweight substrate. The effi ciency of such solar cells can be further increased by providing a textured surface (wrinkling), resulting in reduced optical losses, thus increasing light trapping. More than a 10% increase in transmittance and short circuit current re- sulted if a cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell is deposited on the textured substrate. A paper presented at this month’s NAMRC 2015 (hosted by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, June 8-12;
http://tinyurl.com/NAMRC2015), by Shilpi Mukherjee, Gregory Salamo and Ajay P. Malshe of the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville), examines the paradox of solar cell manufacturing plants and research laboratories in the US that
Photo courtesy Professor Chris Yuan (UWM)
At University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee’s (UWM) Lab for Sustainable and Nano-Manufacturing (LSNM), Professor Chris Yingchun Yuan shows a high-performance lithium ion battery pouch in development for electric vehicles.
use nonrenewable energy for their operations—“the energy cost of energy research.” A case study sought to quantify by life cycle assessment the energy demand of research on quantum-wire (QWR) based intermediate-band solar cells grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and fabricated by photolithography (NAMRC 2015-#131).
Automating the assembly of photovoltaic solar modules
“presented a daunting task” due to widely different materials presented at each step, as described in SME Tech Paper TP- 05PUB85 (
http://tinyurl.com/tp05pub85). A robotic assembly cell featured a vacuum (end-of-arm tool) manipulator that successfully picked up each of the materials without a tool exchange.
Looking back to 1977, when solar arrays for electrical power for space vehicles had been around for some time, SME Tech Paper TP77PUB19 (
http://tinyurl.com/tp77pub19) (by an author from Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.) looked at ultrasonic bonding as a lightweight, reliable alternative to traditional soldering and welding for interconnecting photo- voltaic solar cells.
Batteries A roll-to-roll, multistation fl exographic printing process for
large-scale energy storage fabrication, scaled from previous solid-state, zinc-based battery technology, was proposed
25 — Energy Manufacturing 2015
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