Turning the tide
cause paralysis, diarrhoea and sickness and even amnesia in humans. In UK waters there are relati vely few historical records of farmed fi sh kills through HABs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s there was an unidenti fi ed species of microfl agellate – a type of microalgae - known as ‘Flagellate X’ in Loch Striven in 1979 and again in 1982 in Loch Fyne, which was linked to the deaths of farmed fi sh.
Subsequently, a dinofl agellate species named Karenia mikimotoi has
become established as the major HAB risk to fi nfi sh aquaculture in UK waters. Karenia mikimotoi is a harmful species of phytoplankton with the
potenti al to negati vely aff ect, and in some cases kill, farmed fi sh and other marine fauna. Blooms approaching or exceeding one million cells per litre have been
detected almost annually by SAMS scienti sts since they began testi ng in 2009. Although the cells are individually ti ny, these high concentrati ons are enough to turn the sea brown or red. Prior to 1999, blooms of K. mikimotoi in the northern and western
areas of the Briti sh Isles that are most involved in aquaculture were rel- ati vely rare, with only one recorded event in the Firth of Clyde in 1980. However, since 1999, blooms of K. mikimotoi seem to have become
markedly more common, although this could be because of greater sci- enti fi c interest or because of the growth in the number of farms at risk. Blooms of ‘red ti de’ proporti ons have been recorded in 1999 in
Orkney and in 2003 in the Orkney and Shetland Islands, with the 2003 bloom resulti ng in the death of 53,000 farmed fi sh. Some of these blooms were so extensive as to be visible from orbiti ng satellites. In 2005, a major Karenia mikimotoi event occurred in the west of
Ireland, and in 2006 a large bloom aff ected the Scotti sh west, north and east coasts. SAMS scienti sts help guard against the risk of harmful algae by moni-
toring their abundance in seawater samples provided by farmers. This work is funded by the FSA. In additi on, they are carrying out research aimed at bett er under-
standing the causes of toxicity and the circumstances in which HABs can impact on aquaculture. FF
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