»
NIR »
Cleaning Verification Using Direct NIR Imaging
Patrick J. Cullen, Ph.D., Ian Jones, Laura Alvarez-Jubete, Ph.D., Jaya Mishra and Carl Sullivan, Ph.D.
Dublin Institute of Technology
Introduction
Cleaning can generally be defined as the removal of unwanted contaminants to ensure safety, efficacy and quality of the product subsequently manufactured using the same equipment [1]. Cleaning validation is the documented evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of a cleaning procedure based on pre-determined acceptance criteria. Current cleaning procedures are typically validated by swabbing the product-contact surfaces following the clean, with swabs subsequently analyzed, predominantly using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [1]. This swabbing and analytical activity is time consuming. In addition to plant downtime, additional limitations with current techniques include the need for trained personnel to develop cleaning validation protocols and reports, as well as the risk of cross contamination as a result of not conducting continuous verification of the cleaning process following each clean, which is manifested in the number of product recalls originating from cross contamination of products. Moreover, swab sampling is an indirect method and does not cover the entire equipment surface area, rather swab sites are selected based on worst case locations on the equipment and the results are then extrapolated to account for the total product contact surface area. Such techniques tend to be supplemented with a visual inspection that relies on operator expertise and training, and are thus limited by human subjectivity.
The industry is in need of rapid detection techniques for the real- time detection of low concentrations of API and detergent residues on the commonly used surfaces in the pharmaceutical industry. Rapid technologies could support the transition away from once-off cleaning validation towards continued cleaning process verification. This would be in-line with regulatory expectations and pharmaceutical manufacturing needs [2]. The increased frequency of equipment cleaning process verification will reduce the risk of active and detergent cross-contamination and thereby enable higher acceptance criteria for active and detergent carryover.
Vibrational spectroscopy techniques have been studied for their application in continued cleaning process verification due to their direct nature as well as allowing the simultaneous analysis of low concentrations of organic compounds [3, 4]. Furthermore, chemical or hyperspectral imaging (CI) integrating spectroscopy and conventional imaging has a number of advantages over traditional spectroscopy techniques. Since it provides both spatial and spectral information from a specimen CI offers a more comprehensive description of component concentration and distribution in heterogeneous samples [5]. In
104 | | September/October 2013 - 15TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156