Sérgio R. Leite, Ludimila L. Silva & Luiz R. Gomes


dam operators in order to ensure more effective supervision. Partnerships with technology companies and research institutions should be encouraged.


8.5. Continuous training and interinstitutional cooperation Inter-institutional cooperation between ANEEL and other regulatory bodies can result in a more integrated and effective approach to inspection and regulation. The same can be said for the need to integrate databases from federal and state institutions. The exchange of experiences and resources through regular training and workshops improves actions to prevent, repair and respond to security events.


8.6. Community participation The communities affected by emergency plans and risk management must be involved in order to ensure that they are aware of the procedures and prepared for possible emergency situations. According to Villagrán de León[27]


, warning systems must be planned, implemented and operated with the aim of


empowering the people who need them most. Empowerment refers to adequate information about the risks they face and ways to minimize losses in the event of a catastrophic event. People-centered (bottom-to-top) warning systems, in contrast to technically oriented (top-to-bottom) systems, take as their starting point the communities that could be affected and plan the response system according to the characteristics of those communities. In technically oriented systems, the people at risk are incorporated at the end. For the author, the failures of communication in disasters are in contrast to the current trend of risk warning and communication systems.


8.7. Risk communication to society (fake news) The occurrence of negative events can make public perceptions more important than reality itself. In the last decade, major dam accidents in Brazil due to safety failures have projected a negative image of these structures, contributing to them not being perceived by the majority of public opinion, as a rule, as controlled and safe assets. These effects have been amplified by the massive dissemination of information. When society is unable to distinguish between true and false information, its trust in institutions and their ability to provide accurate and reliable information is shaken. The risks in a tragedy are great and disinformation amplifies them. Fake news diverts attention to non-existent problems. As one of the regulators of the dam safety process, it is up to ANEEL to expand its activities in promoting practices to combat erroneous assumptions by making data and reports on dam safety available to the public in an objective and accessible way.


8.8. Attention to small dams and their dissemination Small dams on watercourses, although they have important and diverse purposes, are not taken into account by the regulatory guidelines established in Brazil, where the regulatory system has been stimulated by discussions analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of large dams only for large enterprises. It must be acknowledged that small dam failures also have disastrous consequences. In China, in 1975, the collapse of the Shimantan and Banquia dams resulted in the cumulative collapse of more than 60 small dams downstream, resulting in the deaths of 230,000 people. According to Viseu[28]


, the ruptures of large 176 | Dam Engineering | Vol XXXIII Issue 3


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