When looking at present low income across the Ever 5D spectrum, too, low income shares substantially exceed those for the general population in most segments, rising to 50% or higher for the MH-only group and several of the combination groupings. DVA-only and substance dependency-only are exceptions to this pattern.


The very strong association between present poverty and both simple and more complex forms of current as well as ever SMD is plain from Figure 11. These poverty patterns are confirmed by a consistently sharp gradient in current material deprivation indicators between those with no experience of any of the five SMD domains and those with experience of three or more of these disadvantages: having no car rises from 19% to 59%; enduring material deprivation (combined with lower income) rises from 13% to 66%18


; facing financial stress and


debt rises from 22% to 79%; living in housing deprivation19


rises from 13% to 65%; facing


severe poverty/destitution rises from 0.8% to 25%20


.


Again, however, we often find that DVA (particularly on its own or in the past) is not so strongly associated with a heightened risk of most of these indicators of material deprivation and poverty, which has some echoes of findings from the gendered profile in England. DVA aside, this evidence of strong relationships with multiple measures of poverty and material deprivation, including destitution, both in the current period but also in the aftermath of SMD experiences, is very powerful and significant.


Care is needed in drawing inferences from this about causality. There are many grounds for thinking that causality runs in both directions, with past and current poverty increasing the risks of some forms of SMD (e.g. homelessness, MH brought on by the stresses of joblessness, debt or living on a very low or uncertain income), while at the same time SMD itself (addictions,


79


Compared with people having none of these disadvantages:


Having no car rises from 19% to 59%


Enduring material deprivation (combined with lower income) rises from 13% to 66%


Facing financial stress and debt rises from 22% to 79%


criminal record, mental ill-health) may reinforce poverty through worklessness, relationship breakdown, benefit sanctions, etc. With Current SMD, in particular, one may suggest such two- way causation. With Ever SMD, then one may think that the implication tends to be more towards earlier SMD causing or reinforcing current poverty. However, in later sections of this report we will also look at evidence of pathways into SMD, which strongly supports the arguments that poverty and other structural factors play a critical role in generating SMD in the first place.


£ £


£


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