THREE-DIMENSIONAL SMD Current SMD(3D)
Figure 1 presents our composite best estimate of the number of adults in Scotland currently experiencing SMD(3D), drawing on both services-based and survey-based data11
, and
encompassing sources which cover both the private household population and groups (such as a homeless people) who may not currently be living in mainstream housing.
Based on a weighted analysis of all these sources, our annual estimate for Current SMD3(3D), that is people who have experienced all three disadvantage domains over the course of a year, is approximately 5,700.
When we look at the Current SMD2 (3D) ‘overlap’ category, we find that around 8,500 have a combination of homelessness and offending, a very similar number (8,300) have a combination of homelessness and substance dependence, and a somewhat higher number (11,900) experience offending and substance dependence, totalling 28,800.
Finally, we estimate that around 156,700 are experiencing one of the Current SMD(3D) disadvantages,, comprising 33,600 who are engaged in offending only, 53,500 who are experiencing homelessness only, and 69,600 who are experiencing substance dependency only.
In total, around 191,000 people have a relevant experience across the three domains in a typical recent year. This suggests a national prevalence rate in Scotland of 42.9 per thousand for one domain of Current SMD(3D), 7.9 per thousand adults for Current SMD2(3D), and 1.6 per thousand for Current SMD3(3D).
Ever SMD(3D)
As explained in the section above on ‘Defining Severe and Multiple Disadvantage’, we also estimated the numbers for the “Ever 3D” definition in Scotland. This refers to people who have experienced one or more of the relevant domains during their adult lives, and these numbers are all naturally larger than those in Figure 1 (see Figure 2).
Overall, 875,000 people in Scotland have experienced one of these disadvantage domains (over one fifth of the entire adult population), 226,000 have experienced two of them, but a much smaller number (21,000) have experienced all three.
As is clear from Figure 2, homelessness is the most common of these three SMD experiences when looked at through the ‘ever’ lens, suggesting that its impact spreads significantly further across the community than either offending or substance dependency, which seem more likely to be characterised by recurrent/ongoing involvement. This is consistent with the findings of the homelessness and health data linkage project (HHiS), which revealed that a sizeable minority of the whole of Scotland’s population (at least 8%) had been assessed as homeless or threatened with homelessness by local authorities between 2001 and 2016 (Waugh et al, 2018).
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