life expectancy 438 migration 419, 425, 427, 429, 431, 432, 435, 437, 438, 440


MNCs 429, 430 peripheral location 429 physical processes 419–22 population dynamics 437–8, 440 primary activities 422–7 refugees 438 relief 419, 422, 423, 427 secondary activities 428–32 soils 421


tertiary economic activities 433–6 tourism 434–6, 439–40 transport 433–4, 436 unemployment 431, 432 urban development 438, 440 Vanoni Plan 430, 432 volcanic activity 419 workforce 429 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 11, 12, 23, 24, 25, 41, 51, 52, 72, 108


Midlandian glacial period 238–9 migration Brazil 480, 490, 492–3 East Germany 516 EU and 507, 509 inward 348, 409–10 Ireland 389, 409–10, 514 Mezzogiorno 419, 425, 427, 429, 431, 432, 435, 437, 438, 440


outward 349 Paris Basin 459–60, 461 rural-urban 371, 480, 514


Minas Gerais 474, 477, 478, 480, 481, 483 mining 166, 479–80, 578, 579 Moho 7 monoclines 93 monoculture 168, 562 moraines 230, 231–3, 234 Mount Blanc 92 Mount Errigal 90, 114 Mount Etna 419, 421 Mount Everest 27, 92 Mount Fuji 43 Mount Merapi 48, 52 Mount Pinatubo 38, 48, 57–8 Mount St Helens 38, 48, 49 Mount Sinabung 55 Mount Vesuvius 38, 39, 51, 419, 421, 426, 434


mountains block 97 doming 93, 132 monoclines 93 resistant caps 28, 107 ridge 110


sharp mountain peaks 114 volcanic 24, 26, 52, 88 weathering and erosion 90, 91, 93 see also fold mountains


Moy River 182, 184, 186, 247, 363 mudflows 39, 55–6, 157, 161–2, 165 mudstone 90, 112


multinational companies (MNCs) 348, 375–7, 402–3 Munster peneplain 250 Munster Ridge Valley 29, 91, 110 Munsterian glacial period 238 Muslims 345, 346, 347


N Naples 421, 433, 439–40 586 EARTH


National Development Plan (NDP) 371, 377, 405


National Spatial Strategy (NSS) 377 natural gas 116–19, 373–4 Nazca plate 9, 26, 69, 88, 92 Nepal, earthquake (2015) 27, 71, 302 Nevada Del Ruiz, Colombia 39, 55–6 Nevada Desert 563 New Zealand, earthquake (2010) 74, 75 Nile Delta 188, 303 Normandy 448, 450 North American Plate 9, 12, 23, 27, 29, 69 plate margins 115, 116


North Atlantic Drift 330, 331, 366 North European Plain 333–4 North-South Ministerial Council 500 Northern Ireland 343–5 interaction with Republic 499–502


Northern and Western Regional Assembly 361, 362, 377


NUI Galway (NUIG) 376 nunataks 238


O


oceanic crust (sima) 5, 6, 7, 8, 13 oil


Brazil 479, 480 Ireland 117, 118, 373–4 spill, Gulf of Mexico 304


Old Faithful (geyser) 52, 53, 54 Old Red Sandstone 29, 96, 109, 110 orogenies 29, 89, 90, 91 OS maps 256–83 area calculation 265 average gradient calculation 264 coastal features 216


comparison with aerial photographs 290


direction on 260 distance, measuring 260 drawing a cross-section 262–4 eastings 257 fluvial landforms 194–5 four-figure grid reference 258 glacial features 237 grid references 257–9 height on 261 human processes, identifying 266–9 map legend 269, 282 northings 257 orientation 265 scale 257


six-figure grid reference 258 sketch mapping 265–6 slope identification 261–2 subzones 257


triangulation stations 261


outwash plain 235–6 overcropping 167–8, 169, 541 overfishing 372, 399 overgrazing 166, 421 Sahel Region 166, 167, 540, 542, 561–2


Ox Mountains, Co. Sligo 97, 98 oxbow lakes 186–7, 189, 195 oxidation 135


P Pacific Plate 9, 26, 27, 69, 115 Pacific Ring of Fire 40, 41 Pangaea 10, 29 Pantanal wetlands 470 Paris 461–3 Paris Basin 443–67


agricultural areas 448–9, 450 agriculture 446–9, 450, 451, 454 birth rates 459, 460 climate 444–5, 446, 447, 450 communications 451–2, 454 Cosmetic Valley 453–4, 462 death rates 459, 460 drainage 444, 446 fishing 449, 450 forestry 449, 450 human processes 458–60 industry, decentralisation 453, 454 labour force 451, 454 markets 448, 452, 454 migration 459–60, 461 new towns 462 physical processes 443–6 population 458 primary activities 446–50 raw materials 452–3, 454 relief 444, 446 secondary activities 451–4 soils 445, 446, 447 tertiary activities 455–8 tourism 456–7, 458 transport 455–6, 458 urban development 461–3


paternoster lakes 228, 237 peneplains 250, 251 percolation 143 peripheral socio-economic regions 348, 349, 350


Mezzogiorno 349, 418–42 Northern Scandinavia 349 West of Ireland 349, 361–92


Pfizer 404 Philippines, Mount Pinatubo eruption 57–8 photosynthesis 570 physical regions 332–4 physical weathering 130–2 pie charts 310 pillars 147 plankton 372 plate boundaries 22–35 constructive boundaries 13 convergent boundaries 25–7, 30 destructive boundaries 25 divergent boundaries 13, 23–5, 30 Ireland and 28–9 passive boundaries 23, 27, 30 separating boundaries 13


plate margins, active/trailing 115–16 plate tectonics 8–14 continental drift 9–11 convection currents 11 mid-ocean ridges 11 seafloor spreading 12 theories 9


Pleistocene 223, 363 plumes of magma 42, 72 plutonic landscape 120 political boundaries 515–16 Pompeii 39 population pyramids 313 primate city 355 protectionism 481, 500 pumice 40 pyramidal peaks 227, 228, 229, 237 pyroclast/pyroclastic flow 39, 40


Q


quarrying, mass movement and 166 quartzite 46, 90, 107, 114, 115, 362


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