In this chapter, you will learn how soil is formed, the characteristics of different soils types and how it is used and misused by humans. Soil is one of two sections in the Geoecology Option and has appeared every year on the exam paper. It is vital that you understand all sections of this chapter.
KEY WORDS
l Composition l Mineral matter l Organic matter l Living organisms l Air and water l Horizons l Humus l Texture l Structure l pH value l Moisture/water retention
l Topography l Weathering l Erosion l Humification l Leaching l Podzolisation l Laterisation l Salinisation l Calcification l Zonal l Brown earths
l Latosols l Sahel l Desertification l Overgrazing l Overcropping l Deforestation l Soil conservation l Stone lines l Zaï holes l Contour ploughing
LEARNING OUTCOMES
What you MUST know l The composition of soil l The soil profile and the functions of each horizon
l The characteristics of soil l The factors affecting soil formation l The natural processes which affect soil formation
l How to classify a soil l The characteristics of a soil: Irish brown earths l Human interaction with the Sahel region
l The methods used to conserve soil in the Sahel region
What you SHOULD know l How to link some of the information about soils in the regions you studied in Regional Geography Unit 3
What is USEFUL to know l Additional information about drought and desertification from the news and other media