48


Measurement and Testing


Mercury and Petrochemicals P S Analytical – Experience, Performance, Reliability and Support


The presence of mercury (Hg) in petrochemical samples is very bad news. Even at ultra-low concentrations mercury is corrosive to gas plant components and infrastructure, poisonous to expensive downstream precious metal catalysts and exposes workers to highly toxic workplace conditions.


It’s no wonder that petrochemical plants and refi neries spend vast sums every year removing even small concentrations of Hg from their precious gas and liquid sample streams. It is also no wonder that they wish to maximise the effi ciency of their Hg removal systems and to achieve this, highly accurate and sensitive monitoring and measurement of Hg is required. Sub part per trillion sensitivities is the normal requirement.


That’s where P S Analytical (PSA) comes in.


For over 40 years PSA has been at the forefront of trace Hg determinations. PSA partners with many companies to monitor and help manage this Hg removal process. This partnership happens from the research bench through to production with PSA taking a pivotal role in ensuring successful removal technologies are deployed in the real world.


PSA have analysers to suit all aspects of the monitoring and analysis of Hg, including laboratory instruments and on-line analysers for gases and liquids. More recently PSA have provided solutions for speciation (fractionation) analysis and also waste water systems associated with petrochemical processes.


Employing Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy as the means of detection the PSA analysers provide ultimate detection performance. With literally thousands of systems in the fi eld today, and support networks in Europe, USA and SE Asia, PSA offers the ideal package of performance, reliability and support. More information online: ilmt.co/PL/lv5j


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and leaves no residue when burnt. With its high energy density, H2


only naturally present in bound form, so it must be released from its carriers. In the case of water (H2 electricity is generated from renewable sources, we describe it as ‘green’ hydrogen or, in the case of methane (CH4 by steam reformation or pyrolysis. Reformation produces CO2


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is extremely volatile because of its very low density, so it is very volatile and poses problems for transportation to end-users. In its gaseous form, pipeline transportation is an option. Liquefi ed H2


Both substances can undergo further processing as raw materials or stored by carbon capture and storage (CCS). H2


considered when working out the service life and design of plant components. Producers of ‘green’ hydrogen also need to ensure that not only is suffi cient ‘green’ electricity available, but enough, decent quality water is available at the production location.


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How does an electrolyser work?


At the heart of an electrolyser is a cylindrical body, known as the electrolysis module, in which two chambers are separated by a membrane. Both chambers contain an electrode (anode/cathode). These modules are manufactured by several different manufacturers in a uniform output size. To attain the requisite system output, several modules are combined to create a ‘stack’. Two processes are currently in use: AEL - alkaline electrolysis and PEM -proton exchange membrane electrolysis. There are pros and cons to both processes. The PEM process is more suited to fl uctuating energy sources such as wind and sun. With the PEM process water is preheated to drinking water quality, and is fed into the two chambers. The operational temperature has to range between 50-80°C. Voltage is applied and it is split into H2


and H2


manufacturing processes require precise analytical monitoring, primarily to comply with LEL and SIL criteria. Extractive gas analysis is the most widely used method for monitoring energy production. Before the sample gas reaches the analyser, residual moisture needs to be removed to avoid fouling the measuring cell and therefore generating false measured values.


Monitoring the process H2


O2 ATEX-certifi ed sample gas pump


Buehler Technologies has many years of experience in the development and design of gas analysis systems, they strongly advocate the use of a pressurised extractive conditioning system for such applications. In principle, this is constructed as follows: Their reasoning is based on the fact that no particulate contamination is likely to be present in the sample gas during the electrolysis process, so simple sampling points are needed at each module outlet. From these sample points, the sample gas is taken in by a sophisticated sample gas pump, which can also carry any condensate that may be present, and fed to a sample gas cooler working under slight over-pressurised conditions.


H2 ATEX-certifi ed sample gas pump When calculating the dimensions of the required fl ow rates, the lower density of hydrogen on the H2 side must be taken into consideration so that it can be passed through at the requisite fl ow rate


upstream of the analyser. If the production process already has enough pressure and fl ow rate, the pump is not needed. The moisture is separated in the cooler and the dry sample gas is fed into the analyser(s). As the sample gas is slightly over-pressurised, measurement results are unaffected by ambient air entering the system. This sample gas over-pressure also pushes the condensate out of the system via an automated condensate drain. Flow and over-pressure are monitored permanently by suitable instruments to ensure the smooth operation of the process. The extraction point’s piping, from the pump head to the automatic condensate drain is made of tough stainless steel; Buehler recommends the same concept for monitoring oxygen that also accumulates. H2


has a high level


of fl uctuation so a well-ventilated enclosure to house the monitoring system is advisable. The components used in the system are subject to special procedures in the manufacturing process. Their suitability for the H2


/O2 application is partially certifi ed.


This system design keeps material mix in the treatment system to a minimum, therefore providing the longest service life possible, and ensuring stable and precise measurement results. More information online: ilmt.co/PL/6Kxb


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61664pr@reply-direct.com 0. This produces 1 kg of H2 from 9 kg of H2 O. The oxygen is removed from the anode, and the hydrogen the cathode and anode with the use of heat exchangers and gas separators. The oxygen is then released or used for a variety of applications, such as wastewater treatment. can be transported in insulated tankers or tank trucks; however, non-negligible fl uctuation rates will occur. H2 also embrittles materials, which need to be 61691pr@reply-direct.com


Hydrogen components for gas analysis Hydrogen (H2


) is one of the key talking points in discussions on future energy policy. In its gaseous form, it is approximately 14 times lighter than air is a very credible alternative to fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas. H2


is usually


O), this is carried out by electrolysis, for example. If ), the main component of natural gas,


or blue hydrogen, as a by-product or, if pyrolysis is undertaken, CO or turquoise hydrogen.


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