44
Measurement and Testing
production due to their high percentage of carbohydrates. It was found that the fungal pretreatment resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in sugar yield from the unpretreated algae [32]. In another study, a chemoenzymatic method which is an acid pretreatment, was tested for the hydrolysis microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana, Tetraselmis sp., and Slkeletonema sp. The results were promising, showing that ethanol yields were close to the theoretical maximum [33]. Many components go into the conversion process of algae feedstock to third-generation bioethanol, all of which are being actively studied in order to make the process effi cient and economical.
The Future of Bioethanol
When discussing the future of bioethanol and whether or not it should be promoted, it is important to understand the distinctions between all the different methods and feedstocks involved in the process. The biggest challenge for the incorporation of bioethanol into society is fi nding ways to increase its attractiveness in comparison to traditional fuels. Although it succeeds in aspects such as improving tailpipe emissions, it also falls short in other ways. All over the world, researchers are constantly discovering new methods and technologies to make bioethanol more competitive. This involves fi nding appropriate feedstock, ones that don’t interfere with human food sources, have high conversion rates, and have high potential for cultivation. This also involves creating methods for pretreatment and fermentation that aid in making ethanol production more economically viable and effi cient.
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About the Authors
Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 28 years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, Institute of Physics, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry. An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, “Fuels and Lubricants handbook”, details of which are available at ASTM’s Long-Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook 2nd Edition Now Available (
https://bit.ly/3u2e6GY).He earned his doctorate in Chemical Engineering from The Pennsylvania State University and is a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London. Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. Dr. Shah was recently granted the honourifi c of “Eminent engineer” with Tau beta Pi, the largest engineering society in the USA. He is on the Advisory board of directors at Farmingdale university (Mechanical Technology) , Auburn Univ ( Tribology ), SUNY, Farmingdale, (Engineering Management) and State university of NY, Stony Brook ( Chemical engineering/ Material Science and engineering). An Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, in the Department of Material Science and Chemical engineering, Raj also has over 600 publications and has been active in the energy industry for over 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at
https://bit.ly/3QvfaLX
Contact:
rshah@koehlerinstrument.com
Ms. Eleni Karoutsos is part of a thriving internship program at Koehler Instrument company in Holtsville, and is a student of Chemical Engineering at Stony Brook University, Long Island, NY where Dr. Shah is the current chair of the external advisory board of directors
Eleni Karoutsos
Author Contact Details Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY11742 USA • Email:
rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web:
www.koehlerinstrument.com
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