38
Measurement and Testing Conclusion:
To conclude, octane testing is a vital part of gasoline manufacturing. Analyzing octane ratings not only informs the overall energy effi ciency of the fuel but also improves the effi ciency of further octane developments. In attempting to synthesize higher octane ratings, researchers have regularly innovated on its components, developing new methods of increasing effi ciency and prediction models to discover hidden fuel sources and further advance the growth of fuels. Undoubtedly, octane testing will remain signifi cant for decades to come, as new fuels are discovered and octane ratings continue to grow.
Resources:
1. U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Gasoline Explained. History of Gasoline.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.eia.gov/ energyexplained/gasoline/
history-of-gasoline.php
2. Thoughtco. “History of Gasoline.” [Online]. Available: https://
www.thoughtco.com/history-of-gasoline-1991845
3. The Global Economy. “Gasoline Consumption - Country Rankings.” [Online]. Available: https://www.
theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/gasoline_consumption/
4. Intertek. “Octane Testing.” [Online]. Available: https://www.
intertek.com/petroleum/testing/octane/
5. Department of Engineering Science. “Knock and Auto- Ignition Study in Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines.” [Online]. Available:
https://eng.ox.ac.uk/tpsrg/research/ thermal-propulsion-systems/knock-and-auto-ignition-study- in-spark-ignition-internal-combustion-engines/
6. U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Gasoline Explained. What is Octane.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.eia.gov/ energyexplained/gasoline/
octane-in-depth.php
7. Leal, A., Martins, F.G. 2018. “Motor Octane Number.” Science Direct. [Online]. Available:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/ topics/engineering/motor-octane-number
8. Petro Online. “What is Octane Testing?”[Online]. Available:
https://www.petro-online.com/news/analytical- instrumentation/11/breaking-news/what-is-octane- testing/56073
9. Mental Floss. “What do the Numbers on Gas Pump Buttons Mean?” [Online]. Available:
https://www.mentalfl
oss.com/ article/655334/what-do-numbers-gas-pump-buttons-mean
10. Sinpar Petroleum Testing Equipment. “What are ASTM D2700 and ASTM D2699?” [Online]. Available: https://www.
sh-sinpar.com/
what-are-astm-d2700-and-astm-d2699.html
11. Prakash, A., Wang, C., Janssen, A., et al. “Impact of Fuel Sensitivity (RON-MON) on Engine Effi ciency,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10(1):2017, doi: 10.4271/2017-01-0799. [Online]. Available:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Impact- of-Fuel-Sensitivity-(RON-MON)-on-Engine-Prakash-Wang/ c7252d67e9077f32d60e71dd0dd2e52014d2f24c
12. Sinpar Petroleum Testing Equipment. “How to Test Gasoline Octane.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.sh-sinpar.com/how-
to-test-gasoline-octane-knock-test-engine.html
13. Al Ibrahim, E., Aamir, F. “Octane Prediction from Infrared Spectroscopic Data.” Energy & Fuels, vol. 34, no. 1, 2020, pp. 817–26,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02816. [Online]. Available:
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs. energyfuels.9b02816
SpMax1_B(s) Eta_D_epsiB Chi1_EA(ed)
LLS_01
0.0225 0.0202 0.0164
0.0161
Largest eigenvalue from Burden matrix weighted by I-state Eta measure of unsaturation
Connectivity-like index of order one from edge adjacency mat. weighted bt edge degree
Modifi ed lead-like score from Congreve et al. (six rules) Table 1: The ten most infl uential QSPR Descriptors for OS, their importance, and description 14
DESCRIPTOR NAME IMPORTANCE AVS_B(s) nCsp2 SIC1
Chi_Dz(p) CIC1
SpMax1_BH(s)
0.0380 0.0344 0.0272 0.0268 0.0250 0.0228
. DESCRIPTION
Average vertex sum from Burden matrix weighted by I-state Number of sp2
hybridized carbon atoms
Structural information content index (neighborhood symmetry of fi rst-order) Randic-like index from Barysz matrix weighted by polarizability
Complementary information content index (neighborhood symmetry of fi rst-order) Largest eigenvalue n. 1 of Burden matrix weighted by I-state
About the Authors
Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 28 years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, Institute of Physics, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry. An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, “Fuels and Lubricants handbook”, details of which are available at ASTM’s Long-Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook 2nd Edition Now Available (
https://bit.ly/3u2e6GY).He earned his doctorate in Chemical Engineering from The Pennsylvania State University and is a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London. Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. Dr. Shah was recently granted the honourifi c of “Eminent engineer” with Tau beta Pi, the largest engineering society in the USA. He is on the Advisory board of directors at Farmingdale university (Mechanical Technology) , Auburn Univ ( Tribology ), SUNY, Farmingdale, (Engineering Management) and State university of NY, Stony Brook ( Chemical engineering/ Material Science and engineering). An Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, in the Department of Material Science and Chemical engineering, Raj also has over 575 publications and has been active in the energy industry for over 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at https://bit. ly/3QvfaLX
Contact:
rshah@koehlerinstrument.com
Mr. Beau Eng is part of a thriving internship program at Koehler Instrument company in Holtsville, and are students of Chemical Engineering at Stony Brook university, Long Island, NY where Dr.’s Shah and Mittal are on the external advisory board of directors.
Beau Eng
Dr. Vikram Mittal, is an Associate Professor at the United States Military Academy in the Department of Systems Engineering. He earned his doctorate in Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he researched the relevancy of the octane number in modern engines. His current research interests include various energy technologies, system design, model-based systems engineering and modern engine technologies. He has numerous publications in various peer reviewed journals.
Vikram Mittal
14. SubLaban, A., Kessler, T., Dam, N., et al. “Artifi cial Neural Network Models for Octane Number and Octane Sensitivity: A Quantitative Structure Property Relationship Approach to Fuel Design.” Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 145, no. 10, 2023,
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062189. [Online]. Available:
https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ energyresources/article-abstract/145/10/102302/1160263/ Artifi cial-Neural-Network-Models-for-Octane- Number?redirectedFrom=fulltext
15. Kessler, T., St John, P., C., Zhu, J., et al. “A Comparison of Computational Models for Predicting Yield Sooting Index.”
Proc. Combust. Inst., 38 (1), pp. 1385–1393. [Online]. Available:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ abs/pii/S1540748920301784
16. Van Leeuwen, J. A., Jonker, R. J., Gill, R. “Octane Number Prediction Based on Gas Chromatographic Analysis With Non-Linear Regression Techniques,” Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 25 (2) 1994, pp. 325 –340. [Online]. Available:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/0169743994850518
Author Contact Details Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY11742 USA • Email:
rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web:
www.koehlerinstrument.com
PIN ANNUAL BUYERS’ GUIDE 2024
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