20 Analytical Instrumentation Table 1: Load/Scar Diameter Chart. Adapted from [12] Column 1 Applied Load (N)


127 157 196 235 314 392 490 618 784 981


1236 1569 1961 2452 3089 3922 4903 6080 7845


Column 2


Compensation Scar Diameter (mm)


0.21 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.52 0.58 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


Column 3


Compensation Scar Diameter +5% (mm)


0.22 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.55 0.61 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


P is the load in kg, L is the friction lever arm length in cm, f is the friction force in N, and μ is the friction coeffi cient.[14] The seizure load force, torque at each interval, and fi nal wear scar diameter are also measured.[14]


Conclusion


The aforementioned ASTM test methods play a crucial role in maintaining lubricity standards for the oil and gas industry. Nearly every liquid and semi-solid petroleum product offers lubrication as a primary or secondary characteristic. Since they are used in mechanical components all over the world, the entire supply chain relies on these products to perform up to standard. Therefore, ASTM-compliant tribology testing equipment is imperative for any industrial petroleum company.


References


1. Critchley, Liam. “The Role of Tribology in Oil Environments.” AZoNano, December 21, 2017. https://www.azonano.com/ article.aspx?ArticleID=4716.


2. ASTM International. ASTM D5001-10 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE), 2010. https:// doi.org/10.1520/d5001-10.


3. Joe, Mustang. Suncor Energy Lubricants Centre. Image. https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/mustangjoe/10733580103/ in/photostream/. Creative Commons License (CC0 1.0), https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/ zero/1.0/?ref=openverse.


4. Noria Media. “A Comprehensive Exploration of Tribology: Unveiling the Historical Evolution.” Machinery Lubrication, June 12, 2023. https://www.machinerylubrication.com/ Read/32382/comprehensive-exploration-of-tribology.


5. Hutchings, Ian. “Fifty Years of Tribology.” University of Cambridge Department of Engineering, March 10, 2016. http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/news/fi fty-years-tribology.


Column 1 refers to the load amount (the initial load of 784 N is bolded and underlined). After the fi rst test is run, if the wear scar diameter is greater than the value in Column 3, the Column 1 force is reduced for the next test.[12],[13] If not, the force is increased. The highest force that doesn’t result in a scar greater than the Column 3 value is the “last nonseizure load”.[12],[13] From there, the tests are repeated with the force increased every time. Once the balls begin to weld together, indicated by a loud noise and a drop in the lever arm, the test immediately stops. [12],[13] That force is recorded as the “weld point”.


The D5183 method combines the previous two methods to solve an equation for the friction coeffi cient. The temperature is 75±2 ℃, the runtime is 60±1 minutes, the top ball rotates at 600±30 rpm, and the initial load is 392 N.[15] After the test ends, the wear scar is measured. If it falls within ±0.03 mm of the machine’s average (typically 0.67 mm), the next stage can begin.[15] If not, it has to be repeated with new test balls. The balls are cleaned in addition to the wear scars, and the test is repeated at a 98.1 N load in 10-minute intervals.[15] Every 10 minutes, another 98.1 N is added until the balls start to seize. [15] The friction coeffi cient is calculated at each interval using the following formula:


μ= 0.00227fL P


Reprinted from [15]


6. Fitch, Jim. “Interview with Luminary Professor H. Peter Jost - The Man Who Gave Birth to the Word ‘Tribology.’” Machinery Lubrication, January 2006. https://www.machinerylubrication. com/Read/834/tribology-jost.


7. Holmberg, Kenneth, Peter Andersson, and Ali Erdemir. “Global Energy Consumption Due to Friction in Passenger Cars.” Tribology International 47 (March 2012): 222. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022.


8. ASTM International. ASTM D6079-04E01 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High- Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR), April 2005. https://doi. org/10.1520/d6079-04e01.


9. ASTM International. ASTM D7688-11 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) by Visual Observation, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1520/d7688-11.


10. “Diesel Lubricant Comparisons | HFRR Test Wear Scar Comparisons Planetsafe Fuel Treatments.” PlanetSafe Lubricants. Accessed September 3, 2023. https:// planetsafelubricants.com/pages/hfrr-test-wear-scar- comparisons.


11. ASTM International. ASTM D2266-01R08 Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method), 2008. https://doi.org/10.1520/ d2266-01r08.


12. ASTM International. ASTM D2596-10 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method), 2010. https://doi. org/10.1520/d2596-10.


13. ASTM International. ASTM D2783-03R09 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method), 2009. https://doi. org/10.1520/d2783-03r09.


14. ASTM International. ASTM D4172-94R16 Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method), 2016. https://doi.org/10.1520/ d4172-94r16.


15. ASTM International. ASTM D5183-05 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coeffi cient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine, 2005. https://doi. org/10.1520/d5183-05.


16. “What Is EP Grease, and What Is It Used For?” Mystik Lubricants, 2020. https://www.mystiklubes.com/Articles/ Grease/WhatIsEPGrease.jsp.


About the Authors


Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 28 years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, Institute of Physics, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry. An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, “Fuels and Lubricants handbook”, details of which are available at ASTM’s Long-Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook 2nd Edition Now Available (https://bit.ly/3u2e6GY).He earned his doctorate in Chemical Engineering from The Pennsylvania State University and is a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London. Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. Dr. Shah was recently granted the honourifi c of “Eminent engineer” with Tau beta Pi, the largest engineering society in the USA. He is on the Advisory board of directors at Farmingdale university (Mechanical Technology), Auburn Univ ( Tribology ), SUNY, Farmingdale, (Engineering Management) and State university of NY, Stony Brook ( Chemical engineering/ Material Science and engineering). An Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, in the Department of Material Science and Chemical engineering, Raj also has over 575 publications and has been active in the energy industry for over 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at https://bit.ly/3QvfaLX


Contact: rshah@koehlerinstrument.com


Mr. Zachary Slade is part of a thriving internship program at Koehler Instrument company in Holtsville, and is a student of Chemical Engineering at Stony Brook University, Long Island, NY where Dr. Shah is the current chair of the external advisory board of directors


Zachary Slade


Author Contact Details Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY11742 USA • Email: rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web: www.koehlerinstrument.com


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