Analytical Instrumentation 23 Small Sample Viscometers Key to Accurate Viscosity Analysis
What do you do if you need accurate viscosity information, but have only a small sample of material available to test? Small sample viscometers are helping researchers, analysts and technicians address this need across a broad array of applications.
Cambridge Viscosity (USA) viscometers reduce the amount of laboratory sample test material required, which can be very costly, or in some cases, available only in limited quantities. Accurate small sample viscosity information is required in oil and gas exploration, refining, oil analysis, life sciences, coatings and many other applications. In processes that require precise in-process measurements that correlate directly with laboratory measurements, Cambridge’s oscillating piston technology readily achieves this standard.
Oil reservoir production is driven by four factors: the viscosity of the fluid in the earth, the porosity and permeability of the rocks through which it will be extracted, and the pressure effects on the reservoir fluid. Oil companies determine these by drilling an exploratory well, taking rock and fluid samples perhaps a mile under the earth, and analysing the samples under laboratory conditions.
Working with the world’s largest oil companies, Cambridge has become the “gold standard” for reservoir oil analysis, adapting their viscometers to provide accurate and reliable measurements with small amounts of fluid in high pressure/high temperature conditions.
Many refinery products are produced and sold based upon their viscosity. Refiners maximise quality throughput by combining required internationally accepted laboratory tests with in-line viscosity measurements to control product viscosity real-time. The in-line measurement must be validated with a refiner’s standard laboratory test results.
This is a high stakes proposition for refiners: substantial off-quality can be produced if the measurements are incorrect. Highly accurate results require minimal variations in sample conditions between in-process and laboratory measurements. Cambridge sensors require very small sample for measurements, which enables refiners to condition a small sample stream rather than an entire refinery process to achieve a high degree of accuracy.
Viscosity is the most important lubrication specification, and is a key indicator of equipment health, so oil analysis is performed both in laboratories and in in-service conditions. In-service challenges for oil analysis include space limitations for instrument, high levels of repeatability, high vibrations and flow fluctuations and a wide range of temperatures and pressures. In applications ranging from compressors to engines, sub-optimal lubricant viscosity leads to excessive bearing wear and failure of rotating parts.
Measurements must be made in process conditions that require small, accurate and robust viscometers that are compact enough to be inserted into extremely small spaces. With the smallest in-line process viscometers available, Cambridge viscometers are widely used in established to emerging applications and economies.
There are a wide variety of performance coating applications, ranging from optical and medical devices to beverage cans, fine wire and printer drums. All require precise and uniform film thickness to achieve product performance requirements. This film thickness is most accurately managed in-process through precise control of the film coat viscosity.
Cambridge viscometers are ideal for monitoring performance coating viscosity as they utilise compact sensors that easily fit into existing installations, incorporate temperature-compensated viscosity to mathematically adjust readings for temperature changes, and are certified for use in hazardous environments.
Reader Reply Card No 73
Automatic Open Cup Flash Point Tester
Elemental Analysis by Combustion
By incorporating state-of-the-art hardware and software technology with key improvements in overall instrument performance and reliability, the CHN628 Series from LECO Corporation (USA) makes it possible to achieve fast results in organic matrices from food to fuels. For optimum versatility, this instrument is available in flexible configuration; nitrogen/protein, carbon/nitrogen, and carbon/hydrogen/nitrogen.
“With reliable automation and fast analysis times, the CHN628 Series can maximise throughput for a wide variety of applications,” said Mason Marsh, Organic Product Manager, LECO Corporation. “Plus, an optional sulphur module allows for independent sulphur determination of macro samples up to 350 mg in less than two minutes.”
Reader Reply Card No 74
The CLA 5 Cleveland open cup flash point and fire point analyser from Petrotest (Germany) automatically tests both liquid and highly viscous liquid and solid samples; according to the ASTM D92 and ISO 2592 standards.
The bench top instrument comes completely ready for testing with automatic test routines, user definable programs, self-testing/servicing routines, as well as a rapid search program.
The versatile analyser features the latest electronics, including a 5.7-inch color graphics display and Pmove®
jog wheel
control. It offers a flashpoint scanning function and comes equipped with a barometric pressure sensor for corrected results; according to ASTM.
It has selectable output; either oC or o C (752o F, and a
measuring temperature testing range from ambient to 400o
F) without the requirement for any additional equipment. Reader Reply Card No 75 Reader Reply Card No 76 August / September 2011 •
www.petro-online.com
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