From the Editor


MSA and MAS Join Science History Institute Te Microscopy Society of America (MSA) and the Microanalysis Society (MAS) recently


became affiliates of the Science History Institute in Philadelphia. Te Science History Institute (SHI) preserves and interprets the history of chemistry, engineering, and the life sciences. Tus, SHI is a good place to tell the story of microscopy and microanalysis, important research tools in both analytical chemistry and life science. As affiliates of SHI, our societies will deposit their archives in the collections of the Othmer


Library, one of world’s foremost repositories for the history of chemistry and life science. Not only will members of our organizations and others be able to access society documents and publica- tions, future historians will be able to research the history of microscopy and microanalysis and explain their importance to science and society. To promote such work, an SHI scholars program (with several funded fellowships) attracts historians of science from around the world to study and write about the history of science. In addition to collecting books and documents, the SHI building contains an exquisite public


museum that tells the story of chemistry as a science and as a commercial enterprise. Also, special exhibitions are presented on various topics ranging from rare oil paintings of alchemists to why things fall apart to the role that chemistry sets played in educating generations of scientists. Te SHI promotes the history of science to the general public in several ways. A number of


lecture series inform both specialists and the community about how chemistry and biology have shaped today’s challenges and achievements. Over 7,500 artifacts, documents, rare books, and photographs have been digitized and can be searched through the SHI website. Also available dig- itally is their informative and well-illustrated magazine, Distillations, which publishes the stories behind many of the scientific discoveries and issues that affect our world. Topics of recent articles and podcasts include science education, women in science, oral histories, periodic tables, opioids, dark matter, saving old movies, and the information age (1970–present). Tese digital resources are accessible at www.sciencehistory.org. When you are in Philadelphia, the Science History Institute is worth a visit. Located between


the new Museum of the American Revolution and Independence Hall, the museum is open, in normal years, Tuesday through Saturday and offers free admission. Te Othmer Library may be visited by appointment.


Guest editorial Charles Lyman, Editor-in-Chief emeritus, Microscopy Today Michael Marko, Archivist, Microscopy Society of America John Fournelle, Archivist, Microanalysis Society


Publication Objective: to provide information of interest to microscopists.


Microscopy Today is a controlled-circulation trade magazine owned by the Microscopy Society of America that is published six times a year in the odd months. Editorial coverage spans all microscopy techniques including light microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, electron microscopy, ion-beam techniques, and the wide range of microanalytical methods. Readers and authors come from both the life sciences and the physical sciences. The typical length of an article is about 2,000 words plus figures and tables; feature articles are longer. Interested authors should consult “Instructions for Contributors” on the Microscopy Today website: www.microscopy-today.com.


ISSN 1551-9295


Disclaimer The Microscopy Society of America and the editors cannot be held responsible for opinions, errors, or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained in Microscopy Today. The appearance of advertising in Microscopy Today does not constitute an endorsement or approval by the Microscopy Society of America of any claims or information found in the advertisements. By submitting a manuscript to Microscopy Today, the author warrants that the article is original or that the author has written permission to use copyrighted material published elsewhere. While the contents of this magazine are believed to be accurate at press time, neither the Microscopy Society of America, the editors, nor the authors can accept legal responsibility for errors or omissions.


© Copyright 2020 by the Microscopy Society of America. All rights reserved.


Editorial Staff Robert L. Price, Editor-in-Chief


bob.price@uscmed.sc.edu (803) 216-3824 Gennifer Levey, Production Manager


glevey@meridianartpro.com (212) 780-0315 Beverly Maleeff, Administrative Editor bev@alumni.psu.edu Charles E. Lyman, Senior Editor charles.lyman@lehigh.edu Phil Oshel, Senior Editor oshel1pe@cmich.edu Stephen Carmichael, Columnist carmichael.stephen@mayo.edu John Shields, Columnist johnshields59@gmail.com Cameron Varano, Pioneers Editor cvarano@psu.edu Richard Edelmann, Education Editor edelmare@miamioh.edu Deb Kelly, Microscopy 101 Editor debkelly@psu.edu Rich Fiore, Product and Industry News Editor rich.fiore@thermofisher.com Rich Martens, Calendar Editor atomman22@gmail.com Nikolaus Cordes, Digital Content Editor nikolaus.cordes@inl.gov Thomas Kelly, Chief Innovation Judge Tomas.kelly@ametek.com Robert Simmons, Chief Micrograph Judge robert.simmons@briarwillow.com


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M.J. Mrvica Associates, Inc. 2 West Taunton Avenue, Berlin, NJ 08009 mjmrvica@mrvica.com (856) 768-9360 Kelly Miller, Account Manager kmiller@mrvica.com


Magazine website:


http://www.microscopy-today.com Free subscriptions are available.


Publisher Cambridge University Press One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor New York, New York 10006 (212) 337-5000


Circulation: 18,000


Editorial Board Nasim Alem, Penn State University Arlan Benscoter, Lehigh University John Bozzola, Southern Illinois University Peter Crozier, Arizona State University Vinayak Dravid, Northwestern University David Grubb, Cornell University Bryan Huey, University of Connecticut Heather Lowers, U.S. Geological Survey John Mackenzie, North Carolina State Univ. Paul Maddox, U. of North Carolina–Chapel Hill Ania Majewska, U. Rochester Med School Joseph Michael, Sandia National Labs Caroline Miller, Indiana University Brian M. Patterson, Los Alamos National Lab John Reffner, John Jay College, SUNY Ian Robertson, University of Wisconsin Phillip Russell, Appalachian State University Bradley Thiel, SUNY Polytechnic Institute Simon Watkins, University of Pittsburgh Cynthia Zeissler, Nat. Inst. of Stds. and Tech. (NIST)


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