MicroscopyEducation
A Leeuwenhoek-Type Mobile Microscope for Histology Education Masao Maeda,1,3
* Nobuteru Usuda,1,3
Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan 2
Masahiro Kokubo,1 Sumito Shirane,2 Motoaki Fukasawa,1 and Kuniaki Nagayama1,2,4,†
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Science Communication Research Institute, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0006, Japan
3Department of Biochemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan 4Life is Small Company, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0006, Japan
†Tis author contributed equally to this work. *
masao.maeda@
fujita-hu.ac.jp
Abstract: The smartphone microscope, or mobile microscope, is an interesting tool that is attracting attention in various fields. We report a model of mobile microscope that extends from the Leeuwenhoek-type of single microscope with a simple lens. The new mobile microscope is called the “L-eye mobile microscope” and is compact and easy to han- dle. The L-eye mobile microscope may become a hobby tool in everyday life for people of all ages but may also be a tool suitable in the education of medical or paramedical students. To test its potential as an educa- tional tool, its performance was examined using samples such as perma- nent specimens of tissue sections from several organs used in histology and a standard target for a microscopy resolution test. As a control, we used a conventional education-use microscope that is mounted with a smartphone for image capture. From the performance comparison of the two kinds of microscope systems, the L-eye mobile microscope could take images with almost the same quality as those obtained with the conventional microscope at moderate magnifications. This result sug- gests the usefulness of the L-eye mobile microscope for education.
Keywords: mobile microscope, mobile device, single-lens micro- scope, histology, medical education
Introduction Smartphone-based microscopes (also called mobile-phone
microscopes) are in fashion for various purposes in several forms [1]. For example, the LudusScope is designed as an accessible, low-cost education kit and can be constructed and expanded with ease. It is a playful educational tool capable of observing the structure and dynamic behavior of live microorganisms [2]. Another simple, cost-effective smartphone microscope platform has been developed for secondary and high school students to obtain research-level images of parts of insects, pollen grains, and sodium chloride crystals [3]. One type of smartphone microscope is capable of identifying red and white blood cells in blood smears and soil-transmitted helminth eggs in stool sam- ples [4], and another smartphone microscope has been used to detect malaria in fixed and stained blood smears [5,6]. Te Cell- Scope and Newton Nm1 smartphone microscopes can be used to detect protozoa for the diagnosis of intestinal diseases [7]. In the medical field, a tablet-based CellScope mobile microscope enables the remote diagnosis of oral cancer and may be used as a screening tool in pathology [8]. Tus, smartphone microscopes seem to be solidifying their ground in the medical and public health fields.
54 doi:10.1017/S155192952000108X We developed a novel type of mobile microscope extended
from the Leeuwenhoek (L) simple microscope with a combina- tion of a single (simple or compound) lens and a smartphone (Figure 1). Te new “L-eye mobile microscope” is compact and easy to handle, as it can be used while on a table and is free from blurring issues common with many types of mobile microscopes. Te aim of this study was to investigate whether the new
microscope can complement the use of conventional com- pound microscopes, which have traditionally been used for histology education. We made a comparative study with two kinds of microscope systems: the L-eye mobile microscope and a conventional microscope used for histology. Both sys- tems were specifically mounted with the same smartphone for image capture. Since our concern was the performance of the core part of each microscope, the same camera and mobile device were employed for image capture.
Materials and Methods Animals and tissue preparation. For hematoxylin-eosin formalin-fixed skeletal muscle tissues of a
(H-E) staining,
postmortem male monkey (Macaca fuscata, five years old), which were kindly provided by Dr. Atsushi Nambu (National Institute for Physiological Sciences, NIPS), were washed with 0.1 M sodium phosphate / 0.15 M sodium chloride, pH 7.4, dehydrated in a graded ethanol and xylene series, and embed- ded in paraffin in a routine manner. Sections that were 4 µm thick were made on a sliding microtome and collected on 0.7 mm thick glass slides. Te sections were rehydrated with xylene and ethanol in series and stained with Mayer’s hema- toxylin and eosin Y (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). For Golgi- Cox staining, a whole male adult Wistar rat brain (Japan SLC, Hamamatsu, Japan) was placed in Golgi-Cox solution [9] for two weeks and then sliced at 100 µm thickness on a microslicer (Dohan EM, Osaka, Japan), and developed with ammonia solution. All sections were dehydrated in a graded ethanol and xylene series and mounted with Entellan New (Merck, Dam- stadt, Germany) with 0.17 µm thick cover slips. Te protocol for the monkey was carried out in compliance with the Ani- mal Experimentation Regulations of the NIPS. Te protocol
www.microscopy-today.com • 2020 July
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