variety of applications and complex- ity of boundary conditions and on the other hand refers to the fact that the classical public transit can take in manifold regards advantage of the innovations in terms of operation, business models and applied tech- nology. Of particular note are flex- ible reservation services (including ad-hoc request) and complemen- tary ‘concierge services’. The latter means a personalized complement of technology-based services, in particular for customers who want to access these service but either don’t have a smartphone or can’t use the default interface. This type of service has been tested in numer- ous pilot projects.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PUBLIC TRANSIT AGENCIES… The full title of the chapter is ‘Recommendations for public tran- sit agencies for building on innova- tions and cooperating with shared modes’ and it is introduced by the following paragraph: “This report concludes by presenting recom- mended actions that public entities - public transit agencies, trans- portation departments, and other local and regional agencies - can take to promote useful cooperation between public and private mobility
providers. It also suggests regula- tory enhancements, institutional realignments, and forms of public- private engagement that would allow innovation to flourish while still providing mobility as safely, broadly, and equitably as possible.” The following complexities are addressed: • Make mobility the goal and change performance metrics;
• Lay the groundwork for strong public-private-partnerships and targeted investments in the mobility system, including public transit and shared modes;
• Maintain accessibility and equity as central mandates for urban and regional mobility especially with and evolving mix of public and private entities;
• Extent fare integration and mobile payment to goals beyond smoothing fare-box interac- tions, such as subsidy admin- istration, mode-shift goals, and gathering rider-ship data;
• Keep information open and widely available for the broadest benefit;
• Transform public transportation agencies into mobility agencies.
CONCLUSION The APTA Report on the meaning,
REFERENCE 1 APTA (editor): Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit; Re-search Analysis, March 2016 2 Kossak, A.: Ausgewählte Meilensteine Hamburger Verkehrspolitik; DER NAH-VERKEHR 11/ 2012
3 Kossak, A.: Autonome Autos und der ÖPNV; DER NAHVERKEHR, 3/ 2015 4 Kossak, A.: Autonome Autos – Wie realistisch ist das vollautomatisierte Fahren? Presentation on Fachtagung Bundesverband Parken e.V., June 15, 2016 in Lübeck 5 Hunziker, C.: Vom Parkhaus zum Mobilitäts-Hub; Die Welt, June 4, 2016 6 Hamburger Verkehrsverbund HVV: Pilotprojekt switchh verbindet Carsharing und ÖPNV; press release, Hamburg April 17, 2015 7 Kossak, A. and Pällmann, W.: Die vier Phasen der ÖPNV- Modernisierung - Die Innovationen des Nahverkehrs in Deutschland seit 1945; DER NAHVERKEHR 10/2006 8 Kossak, A.: Quo Vadis elektronisches Ticketing? DER NAHVERKEHR 7-8/2005 9 Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe BVG: Elektronisches Ticketing Berlin und Branden-burg; Ticker aktuell, 2. Edition, Berlin 2000 10 N.D. Lea Transportation Research Corporation + SNV Studiengesellschaft Nah-verkehr mbH: Dictionary of public transport; Alba Fachverlag, Düsseldorf 1981 11 Kossak, A.: Stadtbahn Portland, Oregon - Profil und Finanzierung; DER NAH-VERKEHR 7-8/2015
the potential and the conditions of shared mobility in connection with public transit refers to an issue of high actuality for the public trans- it community in Europe. That is true in particular with regard to the yet latent - and even more for the expected - changes in mobility behaviour and the mobility needs of the population. The positioning and the activities of the transit industry in this context will be decisive, whether it will take profit of it or will be can- nibalized by it. While in the past it was argued, for
many good reasons, that public tran- sit practices in the United States are only to a very limited degree trans- ferable to Europe or Germany in par- ticular, because of the different role, history, and boundary conditions, the opposite is true for shared mobil- ity. Because of that it is deemed to be highly recommendable to study and check the content and the rec- ommendations documented in the respective report in detail regard- ing its relevance for the own busi- ness. This is particularly worthwhile regarding the comprehensive, inte- grated approach. Similar, extensive research work
on the respective issues should be carried out, resulting in a White Paper referring to the specific con- ditions and needs in Europe, taking into account the yet limited progress in taking full advantage of the read- ily availa-ble and still dynamically growing technological potential of services such as e-ticketing and automation.
FYI
Dr.-Ing Andreas Kossak is the founder of Dr Kossak Consulting, based in Hamburg, Germany
drkossak@aol.com 77
Social and Economic Impacts of Transport
PUBLIC TRANSIT, SHARED MOBILITY
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