of modern pig genotypes or indeed enhance immunity. There is also the question about whether it is the combination of both minerals and vitamins to ensure optimum performance that should be investigated and not necessarily individual minerals and vitamins. Indeed, in breeding sows and especially those in later parities, additional supplementation of both minerals and vitamins may improve productivity and enhance longevity.
COMPUTER MODEL A computer model to calculate the nutrient requirements for grower- finisher pigs, as well as sows in gestation and lactation, has been developed. These have been based on the well established factorial procedures for energy and protein metabolism. There was insufficient information to model the requirements of pigs below 20 kg body weight. The requirements for energy, amino acids, Ca and P provided in the Nutrient Composition Tables are derived from the model. To estimate requirements for grower-finisher animals, the anticipated levels of energy intakes and performance need to be estimated and the model then predicts protein and lipid deposition, as well as body weight gain. For sows, the models described by Dourmad et al. (1999,2008) serve as the basis for both the gestation and lactation models. The model can be downloaded from the NRC website and a detailed user guide and tutorial are available.
OTHER CHAPTERS Other chapters deal with Digestibility of Nutrients, Co-Products, especially those from the corn and soybean industries, Feed Additives and Feed Contaminants, Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism, Non- Nutritive Feed Additions, Feed Processing and Nutrient Excretion and Environmental Implications. There is an interesting chapter on research needs, as well as a
very comprehensive and detailed chapter on the nutrient composition of 122 feed ingredients, minerals, fats and oils.
CONCLUSIONS The latest NRC report provides a comprehensive review of the nutrient requirements of modern pig genotypes, as well as information needed to design practical diets to meet these nutritional needs. These requirements are the best estimates of the needs of the animals at the time the report was prepared and do not include a safety margin. They are guidelines to be used as a reference to establish allowances. While the information on energy and amino acid of grow-finish pigs is based on considerable investigation it is less so for the breeding sow, especially if sows are to achieve 50–60 weaned piglets per lifetime. There is also interest in how nutrition per se may influence health and immunity and this would have been worthy of consideration. This report provides very valuable and practical information on the
nutritional needs of pigs and the many factors that influence these. It should help to ensure that their productivity, health, welfare and well-being are being met in the many world-wide systems of pig production.
This article is based on the text of a paper presented by Dr Close at the recent Society of Feed Technologists ‘Pigs’ Meeting
REFERENCES
British Society of Animal Science (2003). Nutrient Requirement Standards for Pigs. Authors: C.T. Whittemore, M.J. Hazzledine and W.H. Close. BSAS, Penicuik. Dourmad, J.Y. et al. (2008). INRA Porc: A model and decision support tool for the nutrition of sows. Animal Feed Science and Technology: ; 372-386. Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (2006). Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nahrstoffversorgung von Schweinen. DLG Verlag. Frankfurt am Main. National Research Council (1979, 1988, 1998, 2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine. The National Academy Press, Washington DC. USA Noblet, J., Fortune H., Shi, X.S. and Dubois, S. (1994). Prediction of energy value of feeds for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science: 75; 2708-2714. Stein, H.H., Kadzere, C.T., Kim, S.W. and Miller, P.S. (2008). Influence of dietary phosphorus concentration on the digestibility of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate by pigs. Journal of Animal Science: 86; 1861- 1867. Universidade Federal de Viçosa-Departamento de Zootecnia (2011). Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine: Composition of Feedstuffs and Nutrient Requirements, 3rd
Edition. Ed. H.S. Rostagno.
Van Milgen, J., Noblet, J., Valancogne, A., Dubois, S. and Dourmad, J.Y. (2008). INRA Porc: A model and decision support tool for the nutrition of growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology: 143; 387-408. Videncenter for Svineproduktion DK (2012). Nutrient Standards: 17th Pig Research Center.
Edition,
INNOVATIVE MINERAL SOLUTIONS
• Unique range of organic trace minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe…) with a patented crystalline and polymer structure
• The science-based tool to improve
• Patented spraying technology
www.pancosma.com
FEED COMPOUNDER JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2014 PAGE 25
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68