Table 2. Trace mineral requirements of breeding sows (NRC) Year
Cu (mg/kg) Fe (mg/kg) Mn (mg/kg) Se (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg)
1979
Gestation 5
80 10
0.15 50
Lactation 5
80 10
0.15 50
1988
Gestation 5
80 10
0.15 50
Lactation 5
80 10
0.15 50
MINERALS Requirements for both macro and trace minerals are provided, with the estimates for both Ca and P determined by modelling procedures. The requirements for Ca are given as the total needed, whereas those for P are given as total as well as apparent (ATTD) and standardised total tract digestibility (STTD). The use of STTD phosphorous allows greater precision in meeting the needs of pigs of different levels of performance and physiological states whilst minimising the levels of P in excreta. STTD can be calculated from ATTD by using a constant correction factor of 190 mg/kg DM (Stein et al. 2008). The requirement for phosphorus for grow-finish pigs has been calculated from protein deposition, since there is a linear relationship between the nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the body. There has been concern about the trace mineral requirements
of modern pigs - and sows in particular - since many of the recommendations are based on work carried out in the 1970’s and 1980’s when the performance of the animals was considerably lower than those of today. It is therefore interesting to see whether these requirements have been changed in recent publications and Table 2 provides this information for the breeding sow. Table 2 shows that the recommended requirements for Se and
Fe have not changed since 1979, whereas those for the other trace minerals have, and this despite the fact that most of the recent studies
Table 3. Vitamin requirements of breeding sows (per kg diet) Year
Vitamin A (IU) Vitamin D3 (IU) Vitamin E (IU) Vitamin K (mg) Biotin (mg) Choline (g) Folacin (mg) Niacin (mg)
Pantothenic acid (mg) Riboflavin (mg) Thiamin (mg) B6 (mg)
B12 (mcg) 1979
Gestation 4,000 200 10 2
0.1
1.25 0.6 10 12
3.0 1.0 1.0 15
Lactation 2,000 200 10 2
0.1
1.25 0.6 10 12
3.0 1.0 1.0 15
1988
Gestation 4,000 200 22
0.5 0.2
1.25 0.3 10 12
3.75 1.0 1.0 15
Lactation 2,000 200 22
0.5 0.2
1.00 0.3 10 12
3.75 1.0 1.0 15
1998
Gestation 4,000 200 44
0.50 0.20 1.25 1.30 10 12
3.75 1.0 1.0 15
Lactation 2,000 200 44
0.50 0.20 1.00 1.30 10 12
3.75 1.0 1.0 15
2012
Gestation 4,000 800 44
0.50 0.20 1.25 1.30 10 12
3.75 1.0 1.0 15
Lactation 2,000 800 44
0.50 0.20 1.00 1.30 10 12
3.75 1.0 1.0 15
BSAS 2004
8,500 1,000 50
1.5 0.2 0.3 3.0 20 15 5 2 3
30 (NRC 1979, 1988, 1998, 2012; BSAS 2004) PAGE 24 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2014 FEED COMPOUNDER 1998
Gestation 5
80 20
0.15 50
Lactation 5
80 20
0.15 50
2012
Gestation 10 80 25
0.15 100
Lactation 20 80 25
0.15 100
BSAS 2003 6
80 20
0.25 80
(NRC 1979, 1988, 1998, 2012; BSAS 2003)
on trace minerals have been carried out with Se and - to a lesser extent - with Zn. It is also interesting to note that only limited information is provided on the bioavailability of minerals and indeed on the form of the mineral provided in the diet. A number of recent studies have shown that when organic minerals are provided in the diet performance is enhanced, particularly in the breeding animal. Table 2 also compares the current NRC recommendations with those of BSAS (2003).
VITAMINS As with minerals, there is also concern about the requirements for vitamins. Table 3 summarises the requirements in the 4 publications since 1977 and compares them with the recommendations of BSAS (2004). There have been changes in the recommendations for some
vitamins over the last 33 years, but not others (Table 3). For vitamin E differences between synthetic and natural sources are discussed and the interaction between vitamin D and specific minerals is highlighted. Interestingly, the requirements for vitamin D for sows has been significantly increased since recent findings suggest that sow and piglet productivity is increased at higher dietary levels. In normal pig diets the levels of both vitamins and minerals are generally above those presented in Tables 2 and 3. These requirements are normally those necessary to overcome a deficiency and not necessarily those to optimise the performance
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