ESTIMATES AND IMPLICATIONS OF COMPLIANCE WITH BIOSAFETY REGULATIONS 167


TABLE 6.4 Estimates of the cost of regulations of Bt cotton in Kenya, 2005 (2005 US dollars)


Stage Greenhouse trials


Controlled field trials Scale-up


Commercialization Total


Source: Authors’ estimates. Note: Bt = insect resistant.


been exploring for some years. Scientists estimate that the African bollworm is the most damaging pest for cotton, and its control accounts for 30 percent of production costs, with yield losses that can reach up to 100 percent (AATF 2006; Waturu 2006). The Kenyan Agriculture Research Institute has been actively working on the introduction of insect-resistant (Bt) cotton varieties since 2001, and the first confined field trials started in 2006. Table 6.4 pre- sents the estimates for the cost of compliance with biosafety regulations for Bt cotton in Kenya. Cost estimates in the case of Kenya add up to approximately US$772,000.


Fungus-Resistant Bananas in Uganda


The National Research Organisation (NARO) of Uganda launched a joint project with the Agricultural Biotechnology Support Program II and the University of Leuven, Belgium, to develop a black Sigatoka–resistant banana for the Ugandan context. The GE option is part of a broader effort launched by NARO to develop bananas resistant not only to black Sigatoka but also to bac- terial blights, nematodes, and other severe productivity constraints for Ugandan agriculture by pursuing conventional and biotechnology means. The black Sigatoka–resistant product entered a confined field trial in 2008, approved by the National Biosafety Committee, under the supervision of NARO. Table 6.5 includes an estimate of the potential costs of compliance with


biosafety regulations for the case of black Sigatoka–resistant bananas in Uganda.3 These costs are similar to those for a nematode-resistant vari-


3 A black Sigatoka–resistant banana developed by the abovementioned joint project is undergoing confined field trials in Uganda. It is not clear at this time whether this specific event will continue to the commercialization approval phase, or whether other events in development will be the can- didates for submission.


Initial estimated cost 130,000 70,000


176,000 396,000 772,000


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