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A pleurocarpous moss - Rytidiodelphus squarosus
John Handley, Technical Manager at Maxwell Amenity, offers some sterling advice for moss control and removal
MOSSES are plants that do not have a vascular system. They are part of the order called Bryophytes. As well as mosses, Bryophytes also contain the groups Hornworts and
Liverworts. After flowering plants and ferns, mosses are the most diverse form of plants, with over 10,000 species in more than 700 genera; nearly twice as many genera as all the mammals on Earth.
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In addition to not having a vascular system, they also have no woody parts. The lack of a vascular system makes them susceptible to desiccation and, therefore, they tend to be found in damp, moist and even aquatic habitats, although not exclusively, and some species have remarkable adaptations to very dry habitats.
Moss can be a problem within turf, and the appearance of hard surfaces, such as patios or tennis courts, can be
compromised by mosses. These two areas need to be considered separately, as they require different solutions.
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Mosses require a different solution to liverworts, therefore it is useful to see what characteristics differentiate the two groups.
Mosses are divided into two distinct forms; pleurocarps and acrocarps. Acrocarpous mosses are usually unbranched or almost so, and have an erect habit, like small trees. An example of a common acrocarp is Silvergreen Bryum Moss (Bryum argenteum). This is commonly found on acidic soils, grasslands, woodland rides, soil
banks and waste ground, and is notable for its large (3.5-5mm long), cylindrical, drooping capsules, which ripen in spring and summer, and are borne on a reddish seta (stem that supports the capsule) up to 3cm tall. Acrocarps are never regularly pinnately (fern-like) branched, but have a central stem and leaves coming off that stem.
Almost all pleurocarpous mosses are freely branched, often either pinnate or chaotic. They frequently form dense intricate mats of elaborately branched stems. A common garden moss is Rhytidiodelphus squarrosus, so named because of the squarose nature of the leaves which bend back upon themselves.
Liverworts are split into two groups, leafy and thallose. Like mosses, leafy liverworts have stems and leaves, but the leaves are arranged differently on the stem, often with two leaves placed laterally and a row of smaller ‘underleaves’ below. Thallose Liverworts don’t have recognisable leaves and stems, but consist of a prostrate, flattened, strap-like or branching structure called a thallus.
Methods of control on a hard surface such as tarmac
Regular brushing with a stiff brush can help reduce the build- up of moss on a surface. However, once it has
established, the easiest way of removing the moss is to use a herbicide. There are several available, such as MMC Pro , Deck & Fence Magic and Eco Chem Moss & Algae Killer. Application rates and
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