.
Diabetes
islets of Langerhans retinal screening
These are areas in the pancreas Examination to detect possible
(an organ in the abdomen) that retinopathy (see below).
dictionar
y
contain alpha cells and beta cells.
Alpha cells produce glucagon (see retinopathy
above), while beta cells produce Damage to the retina in the eye,
es jar
gon
insulin. In people with type 1 and therefore to the vision. This
Stumped on a bit of diabet
diabetes, beta cells are destroyed can be a complication of type 1
and produce no insulin. and type 2 diabetes and if
you’v
e r
ead in
Sw
eet
or else
wher
e?
or the ans
w
er
.
untreated can lead to blindness.
Look no further f
ketoacidosis It can be treated with lasers.
A serious condition resulting
from acute shortage of insulin syndrome X
(or high blood glucose). Requires A condition, also known as
hospital treatment to stabilise the metabolic syndrome, describing
blood glucose meter HbA1c blood glucose. a number of factors that,
People with type 1 diabetes Haemoglobin A1c is the part of together, indicate an increased
and some with type 2 need to a red blood cell that has glucose lancet risk of diabetes and heart
monitor the level of glucose in attached to it. The HbA1c test A finger-pricking device to assist disease. They include a large
their blood regularly. This is done measures the average level of with blood testing. waist measurement, high blood
with a small portable device using glucose in the blood during the glucose, high blood pressure and
blood test strips. previous two to three months microalbuminuria high blood fats (e.g. cholesterol).
and so is more accurate than a The presence of very small
diabetes mellitus one-off test. amounts of protein in the urine; type 1 diabetes
The official name for diabetes if raised this can indicate early About 15 per cent of people with
(mellitus means ‘sweet’). hyperglycaemia signs of kidney damage. diabetes in the UK have type 1.
A state of having too much It is an autoimmune condition
gestational diabetes glucose in the blood, which can millimole in which the body’s defences
A form of type 2 diabetes that lead to short-term crises such as The unit of measurement destroy the beta cells in the
develops in a minority of women ketoacidosis (see below) and long for glucose in the blood. A pancreas that produce insulin. At
in pregnancy and usually goes term (as in uncontrolled diabetes) normal level is between 4 and 7 present it cannot be predicted,
away after the birth. is very dangerous to health. millimoles per litre. prevented or cured and it often
affects children, which is why
glucagon hypoglycaemia nephropathy it is sometimes called ‘juvenile
A hormone produced by alpha A state of having too little Damage to the kidneys. This can diabetes’, although adults can be
cells in the pancreas that raises glucose in the blood, which can be a complication of type 1 and affected also. It is always treated
the level of glucose in the blood. create dangerous conditions such type 2 diabetes and if untreated with insulin injections.
as collapse and coma. may lead to kidney failure.
glucose type 2 diabetes
The body’s main source of insulin neuropathy Most people with diabetes in the
energy: a sugar produced by the An essential hormone produced Damage to the nerves. This can UK have type 2. It is a condition
digestion of carbohydrates in in the pancreas that controls the be a complication of uncontrolled in which the body produces less
the diet. Blood glucose is often release of glucose into cells in the type 1 and type 2 diabetes and insulin than necessary, or the
referred to as ‘blood sugar’. body. People with type 1 diabetes may affect feet, legs and hands, insulin it does produce is less
who do not produce their own causing either lack of sensation effective than it should be. It may
glycaemic index (GI) insulin must inject it (insulin or unexplained pain. be treated with diet and exercise
A measure of how quickly or cannot be taken orally as it would (to influence the insulin balance)
slowly the glucose from different be digested before it is needed). polydipsia or with medication to make
types of carbohydrate-rich foods The medical term for drinking insulin production more efficient,
is released into the blood. insulin resistance a lot: a common symptom of or with insulin injections. The
People with type 2 diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes. majority of cases of type 2
glycaemic load (GL) pre-diabetes develop a resistance diabetes are lifestyle-related
Similar to GI, but also takes to insulin, which means it is less polyuria and these cases of type 2 can be
into account the amount of effective in controlling their Passing large volumes of urine predicted, prevented and, with
carbohydrate in a food as well as blood glucose. This can also be frequently: also a symptom of the proper treatment, halted in
the speed of glucose release. addressed with drugs. undiagnosed diabetes. their tracks, but not cured. n
32 Sweet Magazine
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