12 WATER ENGINEERING


A


water from rain, snow, flooding, etc., that soaks into the Earth’s surface, forming underground streams and aquifers (which supply water for wells)


B


C D


water from either a surface or ground source, normally containing less than 1% salt; around 70% of this type of water exists as ice caps and glaciers


water that is contaminated from domestic or industrial use and cannot be reused unless treated and purified


water heated to boiling point, vaporized, cooled and then condensed in order to remove impurities; commonly used in automotive cooling systems and batteries; can also be used as drinking water


E


water that collects above the ground in streams, rivers, natural lakes, wetlands, seas, oceans and reservoirs


www.waterengineeringassociation.com/reports&publications/cleanwater


WEA Water Engineering Association Reports and Publications


Clean Water: Engineering the Future by Esrin Yilmaz. Published by Hadford University Press, 2010.


Clean Water is an essential text for water engineers and for those wishing to specialize in the field. The main thesis of the book, as the title suggests, is that engineers will need to play a key role in developing new solutions to the problem of global water supplies. In this respect, Yilmaz argues that the water industry must consider two factors equally. Firstly, there is the economic cost of energy consumption in the management of limited water resources. Secondly, we have the environmental costs. The


scope of the book is ambitious, linking all key aspects of water-related studies, such as hydrology, hydraulics engineering, fluid mechanics, wastewater management and water supply. With regard to the latter, the author presents an excellent study of the latest developments in hydropower, irrigation and desalination technologies. I would strongly recommend it to all practitioners and graduate students interested in this branch of engineering.


F


water that contains more salt than freshwater, but less than seawater; occurs naturally where freshwater and seawater meet, such as river estuaries, mangrove swamps, and some inland lakes and seas


G


freshwater cleaned with chemicals, such as chlorine or ozone, to kill bacteria and make it safe for drinking


H


water from any process that removes excess salt and other minerals to make it suitable for drinking, irrigation or certain industrial processes


I


water, such as seawater, containing very heavy concentrations of dissolved salts (usually over 5,000 mg/l)


FreshFresh Oceans 97% Groundwater 22% Lakes, rivers and streams 1% Figure 1 Figure 2 3% Frozen 77% Freshwater


Back to boiler


Heater Hot brine Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3


Concentrated saltwater discharge


Steam from boiler


Pure water vapour


Condensation saltwater Cool


95


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