8.3 Extending skills


passives in dependent clauses • essay plans


A Find the words in the box in the text in Lesson 8.2. 1 What part of speech is each word?


2 Think of another word which could be used in place of the word in the text. Use your dictionary if necessary.


B Study sentences A–D. 1 Identify the dependent clause.


2 Copy the table under the sentences and write the parts of each dependent clause in the table.


3 Rewrite the sentence using an active construction. Example:


A Environmentalists argue that pollution is destroying whole ecosystems.


C Read the writing assignment plans and extracts on the opposite page.


1 Match each plan with a question in Lesson 8.2. 2 Which writing assignment is each extract from? 3 Which part of the plan is each extract from?


D Work with a partner. 1 Write another paragraph for one of the plans.


2 Exchange paragraphs with another pair. Can they identify where it comes from? 8.4 Extending skills writing complex sentences • writing essay plans • writing essays


A Make complete sentences from these notes. Add words as necessary. A


another major obstacle – sustainable growth – concerns – production and use – materials – subsequently – way – waste materials – manage


D


most – obvious – solution – energy crisis – development – renewable energy sources – cleaner – less harmful – environment


B


one – most – serious – challenging – obstacles – sustainability – way – energy – currently – produce and use


E


combination – above developments – energy production and use – materials use – waste management – significant impact – sustainable growth


A B


rely threaten abstraction maintenance exclusively short-sighted consequences disastrous primary generated interim shift widespread


Environmentalists argue that whole ecosystems are being destroyed by pollution.


The diagram shows the three key elements of sustainability which need to be considered by engineers.


C


It is generally acknowledged that the earth’s climate is adversely affected by greenhouse gas emissions.


D


Climate change is a warning that alternative sources of energy are urgently needed.


Subject whole


Verb ecosystems


are being destroyed


By whom/what by pollution


C


could be argued – many – problems – risks – associate – sustainability – largely due – lack – planning and development – engineering


F


most effective way – engineers – can contribute – reduce – materials waste – adopt – cradle to cradle ‘ product design


’ approach –


B The sentences in Exercise A are topic sentences for paragraphs in writing assignment A in Lesson 8.2. Put them in the best order for the essay. What is the main topic for each paragraph?


C Look at the question on the opposite page. 1 What kind of writing assignment is this?


2 Do some research and make a plan. 3 Complete the writing assignment. See Skills bank.


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