org/10.1016/
j.funbio.2020.02.011). Figure 6 shows that the two viruses tend to be located in different parts of the mycelium, with AbV6 concentrating in the peripheral hyphae while AbV16 was more dispersed within the body of the mycelium. This suggests they might function independently within the mycelium, even competing with each other, but could still be transmitted together when fragmented A. bisporus mycelium in bulk handled Phase 3 compost re-anastomoses.
Conclusion In view of the highly infective nature of MVX-in- fected compost and mycelial fragments as out- lined above, it is critically important that phase 3 compost facilities ensure tunnels, conveyors, trucks and dispatch areas are thoroughly cleaned of compost debris and kept free from sources of live Agaricus propagules to ensure no tun- nel-to-tunnel contamination occurs. At farm level growers also need to ensure all conveyors and
equipment are thoroughly cleaned of live compost fragments between deliveries to ensure no cross-contamination of crops. Steam cook-out of crops is vitally important to kill off any virus-in- fected compost as uncooked out compost can easily contaminate new crops at filling.
MVX research has received considerable public funding over the years. The work described in this article was funded by the Horticultural Develop- ment Council (HDC) UK, DEFRA UK, EU FP7- SME-2011 Grant Agreement No. 286836 (MushTV) and the Teagasc, Ireland, Walsh Scholarship scheme.
Dutch Mushroom Days, stand 100 Helen and other Teagasc researchers will be in the ‘Science Hub’ booth, no. 100 (F zone) at the Mushroom Days, along with other international researchers. Come along and find out the latest research going on!!
Hygiene at
compost facilities and farms
remains key to avoid MVX
contamination.
CULTIVATIONTIPS ADVISIE Not too many - but certainly not too few
By Con Hermans AdVisie ‘the mushroom growing consultants’, Heythuysen
hermans@mushroomconsulting.nl
When a composter refers to actinomycetes, they actually mean the entire active biomass. If you ask what colour the actinomycetes are, the answer is white. But neither statement is completely true. The biomass consists of actinomycetes and thermophilic fungi, and actinomycetes are actually black. Actinomycetes, also known as ray fungus, are not fungi but gram-positive bacteria. They contribute to the sweet odour of the spawnable compost. As the photo shows, they are not white but resemble small, black balls. This is what causes the black sticky layer on your fingers when you grasp a handful of spawnable compost. Actinomycetes only start producing white mycelium and spores when the ammonia concen- tration becomes too low for them. This is the activity actinomycetes are usually known for. Actinomycetes and thermophilic fungi are essential to break down and release ammonia from the compost and their presence is vital during conditioning. They break down cellu- lose and lignin and, together with ammonium, convert it back into nutrients, they stimu- late mycelium growth but also produce antibiotics. To maintain high enough numbers of actinomycetes for conditioning there must be a sufficient population when pasteurisation starts, as many will die at this temperature. The number of actinomycetes is determined at different stages in the composting process. They survive in the cold zones during fermen- tation, you stimulate more actinomycetes by cooling down in the fermentation bunkers and by cooling compost outdoors. Adding 1% phase II compost to the phase I compost will significantly boost the number of actinomycetes. Even when levelling for an extra long period, you can promote the growth of actinomycetes, as 45-50° Celsius is the optimal temperature. However, too many actinomycetes will break down the compost structure too much and the compost will be far too soft. You can prevent this by cooling the compost immediately when it is ammonia-free. And, when there are too many actinomycetes, mycelium growth also seems to start a little slower, although this could also be due to a high concentration of antibiotics.
MUSHROOM BUSINESS 23
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