Claviceps which is found in cereal crops and small grains such as barley and rye. Intoxication with ergot alkaloids results in the syndromes of ergotism, which is more common in dairy cattle. Recommended maximum concentration levels of major mycotoxins in lactating cows, heifers, and calves are presented in Table 2.
How to minimise the risk from mycotoxins? Feed contamination with mycotoxins is a persistent problem affecting food safety and security, and performance, and health of dairy cattle. There are two strategies to reduce the negative impact of mycotoxins in dairy industry. (1) Pre-harvest approaches such as breeding resistant cultivars, using microorganism chemical control, and of plant stressors management are aimed at preventing the fungal contamination in the field. (2) Post-harvest approaches such as temperature and humidity control, modified atmosphere treatment, heat treatment, acid and/or alkaline treatment and control by chemical antifungal agents are applied to the harvested products during harvesting, processing, and storage to prevent, reduce or eliminate the mycotoxin contamination.
Table 2 – Recommended maximum concentration of major mycotoxins in lactating cows, heifers, and calves.
Mycotoxins Aflatoxin
Deoxynivalenol Fumonisins Ochratoxin A Zearalenone T-2 toxin
Ergot alkaloids
Lactating cows 20 ppb 5ppm
30 ppm
No Official Guidance* 25 ppm 0.5 ppm 2-3ppm
Heifers 100 ppb 5ppm
30 ppm
No Official Guidance* 25 ppm
No Official Guidance* 2-3ppm
Calves 100 ppb 2ppm
10 ppm
No Official Guidance* No Official Guidance* No Official Guidance* 2-3ppm
*United States Food and Drug Administration has not established official guidance levels.
Multifactoral approach works best Mycotoxins are prevalent in feedstuffs, and they affect dairy cat- tle performance, and health in many ways. Therefore, feed and crop management are critical to reduce mycotoxin contamina- tion. Most mycotoxin mitigation approaches have limitations in terms of specificity to fungi and food matrices. Therefore, combi- nations of approaches may offer an integrated management strategy to target multiple microorganisms in various matrices.
▶ MYCOTOXINS | NOVEMBER 2021
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