Table 2 – Comparison of parameters describing zearalenone.
Parameter LOAEL * LOAEL LOAEL LOAEL LOAEL
NOEL ** NOEL NOEL NOEL NOEL NOEL LD50 TD50
Species
15-day pig study Sheep Piglet Gilts Dogs Pigs Mice Rats
Sheep Piglets Gilts
Mice, Rats & Guinea pigs Mice
Value
200 µg/kg BW/day 56 µg/kg BW/day 17.6 µg/kg BW/day 200 µg/kg BW/day 20 µg/kg BW/day 40 µg/kg BW/day 9200 µg
100 µg/kg BW
28 µg/kg BW/day 10.4 µg/kg BW/day 40 µg/kg BW/day 2000 mg/kg 20,000 µg
LOAEL : Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOEL : No Observed Effects Level Source : Adapted from K. Ropejko and M. Twaruzek, 2021
Toxicity of mycotoxins Multiple contamination in feed increases the toxic effect of mycotoxins and their impact on animals’ performances. With this kind of toxins, both additive and synergic effects are pos- sible, depending on many factors. Not all mycotoxins are equal, neither their impact on animals. Different species, differ- ent ages and most importantly different stages of production have different levels of tolerance on different mycotoxins and this is usually where we are taking “the part for the whole” and first start to mis-evaluate the real mycotoxin risk. Everybody knows that birds are sensitive to aflatoxin, but it is completely different to assess the aflatoxin risk when you are dealing with broiler production or dealing with turkeys or breeders. What can be a tolerant concentration for broiler chicken might be mortal to a turkey or to a chick embryo (Table 1). The same stands for the tolerance of zearalenone when we are talking about gilts comparing with the young piglets. The tolerance to zearalenone increases with the age, maturity and weight of the pigs (Table 2). Zearalenone effects starts to be seen at concentration levels of > 10.4 µ/kg of BW/day (or 10.4 ppb) in young piglets whereas in gilts and pigs the NOEL elevates to > 40 µ/kg of BW/day, showing that gilts and pigs are roughly four times more resistant to zearalenone than piglets. For piglets the LOAEL is > 17.3 µ/kg of BW/day, which means significant biological adverse effects start occurring and typical ZEN clinical signs are expected. This is a remarkable fact when you choose toxin binder and a dosage according to the specie. On monogastric species, we mainly identified impacts on growth performances, reproduction, metabolism and immunity. On ruminants, we identified impacts on reproduction, milk production but also on milk quality.
Risk identification and monitoring In mycotoxins risk management, prevention is the key point for success. Indeed, it is critical for feed producers to know the contamination levels and the associated risk by specie, to be able to have a preventive approach. For that, Wisium helps customers to build their mycotoxins control plan and offers analysis solutions depending on their situations and objectives. Having analysis results is the first step of the preventive approach, and to go further Wisium developed Mycowatch app. The monitoring tool allows valorising mycotoxins analysis results in order to evaluate the contamination risk (from low to critical), to select the most suitable T5X (Wisium mycotoxins solutions) to use depending on the situation and to know the precise dose to use. The Wisium team designed a new generation of mobile application by combining many years of animal nutrition knowledge in terms of mycotoxins’ impact on animal health and performance with hundreds of in vitro and in vivo evaluations on the efficiency of T5X at different doses. This continuous and systematic work enable us to create a model of dosage modulation, which will assure the right product at the right dosage for each specific mycotoxin challenge according to the specie and stage of production. This is really a cutting-edge approach due to the big data compilation on T5X dose/effect curves and the addition of a new risk assessment variable (not only by specie but especially) stage of production. This allows the users to have an adequate and efficient usage of T5X in all growing/ production stages, avoiding extra costs to the end user as there will be no under or over usage of toxin binder.
▶ MYCOTOXINS | NOVEMBER 2021
Mycowatch app is available Google Play and Apple stores. The app is mainly dedicated to nutritionists and feed formulators usable for their day-to-day work, in addition, a full report of each simulation can be sent by e-mail for archives.
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